Editing Tsunami (section)

===Volcanic eruptions===
{{main|Volcanic tsunami}}

Other than by landslides or [[sector collapse]], volcanoes may be able to generate waves by [[pyroclastic flow]] submergence, caldera collapse, or underwater explosions.<ref name="Paris">{{cite journal|last1=Paris|first1=R.|date=2015|title=Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis|journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc.|volume=373|issue=2053|doi=10.1098/rsta.2014.0380|pmid=26392617|bibcode=2015RSPTA.37340380P|s2cid=43187708|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsunamis have been triggered by a number of volcanic eruptions. The best-known is perhaps the massive tsunami caused by the eruption of the [[Santorini]] volcano around 1600 BC, which is often mentioned as  driving the destruction of many harbours in the region and ultimately the decline of Minoan civilization - a question still subject to open debate. Others include the [[1883 eruption of Krakatoa#Tsunamis and distant effects|1883 eruption of Krakatoa]], and the [[2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami|2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption]]. Over 20% of all fatalities caused by volcanism during the past 250 years are estimated to have been caused by [[Volcanogenic tsunami|volcanogenic]] tsunamis.<ref name="Latter">{{cite journal|last1=Latter|first1=J. H.|date=1981|title=Tsunamis of volcanic origin: Summary of causes, with particular reference to Krakatoa, 1883|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02600578|journal=Bulletin Volcanologique|volume=44|issue=3|pages=467–490|doi=10.1007/BF02600578|bibcode=1981BVol...44..467L|s2cid=129637214}}</ref>

Debate has persisted over the origins and source mechanisms of such tsunamis as those generated by Krakatoa in 1883,<ref name="Latter" /> and they remain lesser understood than their seismic relatives. This poses the larger problem of awareness and preparedness, as exemplified by the eruption and collapse of [[2018 Sunda Strait tsunami|Anak Krakatoa in 2018]], which killed 426 and injured thousands when no warning was available. In all cases, developing better tsunami forecasting models and assessing the risks for densely populated coastal areas to be hit by severe tsunamis is a matter of global priority.<ref>Marine hazards and coastal vulnerabilities in the Mediterranean - realities and perceptions. 2024. pp. 5–25 in ’’ CIESM Monograph 52’’ (F. Briand, Ed.) ISSN 1726-5886 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388029017]</ref> 

It is still regarded that lateral landslides and ocean-entering pyroclastic currents are most likely to generate the largest and most hazardous waves from volcanism;<ref name="DayVolcano">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Day|first=Simon J.|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123859389000584|title=The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes|chapter=Volcanic Tsunamis|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|year=2015|pages=993–1009|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00058-4|isbn=9780123859389|access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref> however, field investigation of the [[2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami|Tongan event]], as well as developments in numerical modelling methods, currently aim to expand the understanding of the other source mechanisms.<ref name="Hayward">{{cite journal|last1=Hayward|first1=Matthew. W.|last2=Whittaker|first2=C. N.|last3=Lane|first3=E. M.|last4=Power|first4=W. L.|last5=Popinet|first5=S.|last6=White|first6=J.D.L.|date=2022|title=Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive subaqueous volcanism|url=https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/22/617/2022/|journal=[[Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences]]|volume=22|issue=2|pages=617–637|doi=10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022|bibcode=2022NHESS..22..617H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Battershill">{{cite journal|last1=Battershill|first1=L.|date=2021|title=Numerical Simulations of a Fluidized Granular Flow Entry into Water: Insights into Modeling Tsunami Generation by Pyroclastic Density Currents|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021JB022855|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603121655/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021JB022855|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 3, 2023|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth]]|volume=126|issue=11|doi=10.1029/2021JB022855|bibcode=2021JGRB..12622855B|s2cid=243837214}}</ref>