Editing Trieste (section)

====Occupation by Yugoslav partisans====
[[File:StampTrieste1945Michel18.jpg|thumb|150px|A postage stamp issued by the [[Italian Social Republic]] with a Yugoslav liberation [[overprint]]]]
On 30 April 1945, the Slovenian and Italian [[anti-Fascist]] [[Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation|Osvobodilna fronta]] (OF) and National Liberation Committee ([[Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale]], or CLN) of Edoardo Marzari and [[Antonio Fonda Savio]], made up of approximately 3,500 volunteers, incited a riot against the Nazi occupiers. On 1 May [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] members of the [[Yugoslav Partisans]]' [[8th Dalmatian Corps (Partisans)|8th Dalmatian Corps]] took over most of the city, except for the courts and the castle of San Giusto, where the German garrisons refused to surrender to anyone but the New Zealanders, due to the partisans' reputation for shooting German and Italian prisoners of war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf|title=The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War|editor-last1=Prauser|editor-first1=Steffen|editor-last2=Rees|editor-first2=Arfon|publisher=[[European University Institute]]|publication-place=Italy|date=December 2004|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022039/http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf|archive-date=October 1, 2009|access-date=December 22, 2023}}</ref> The [[2nd New Zealand Division]] under General [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg|Freyberg]] continued to advance towards Trieste along Route 14 around the northern coast of the Adriatic sea and arrived in the city the following day (see official histories ''The Italian Campaign''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/the-italian-campaign/faenza-trieste |title=Faenza, Trieste and home – the Italian campaign &#124; NZHistory, New Zealand history online |publisher=Nzhistory.net.nz |date=2012-12-20 |access-date=2013-03-12}}</ref> and ''Through the Venetian Line'').<ref>{{cite web|author=Kay, Robin |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2Ita-c11-4.html |title=IV: Through the Venetian Line |publisher=NZETC |access-date=2013-03-12}}</ref> The German forces surrendered on the evening of 2 May, but were then turned over to the Yugoslav forces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Picamus |first=Daniela |date=2018 |title=Trieste 1945. Una città ferita |url=https://www.openstarts.units.it/server/api/core/bitstreams/aca70fba-3d0d-4eb7-aba7-1fcf7398a6b6/content |access-date=}}</ref>

The Yugoslavs held full control of the city until 12 June, a period known in Italian historiography as the "forty days of Trieste".<ref name="Bramwell1988">{{cite book|author=Anna Bramwell|title=Refugees in the Age of Total War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA138|access-date=29 December 2012|year=1988|publisher=Unwin Hyman|isbn=978-0-04-445194-5|page=138}}</ref> During this period, hundreds of local Italians and anti-Communist Slovenes were arrested by the Yugoslav authorities, and many of them were never seen again.<ref name="Petacco2005">{{cite book|first=Arrigo |last=Petacco|title=Tragedy Revealed: The Story of Italians from Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia, 1943–1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA89|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2005|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-3921-7|page=89}}</ref> Some were interned in Yugoslav internment camps (in particular at [[Borovnica, Slovenia]]), while others were [[Foibe massacres|murdered]] on the [[Karst Plateau]].{{sfn|Petacco|2005|p=90}} British [[Field Marshal]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]] condemned the Yugoslav military occupation, stating that "Marshal Tito's apparent intention to establish his claims by force of arms...[is] all too reminiscent of Hitler, Mussolini and Japan. It is to prevent such actions that we have been fighting this war."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Feis|first1=Herbert|title=Between War and Peace|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|page=282}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=Geoffrey|title=The Race for Trieste|date=1977|publisher=W. Kimber|location=London|page=250}}</ref> In this most turbulent of periods, the city saw a thorough reorganisation of the political-administrative system: the Yugoslav Fourth Army, to which many figures of prominence were attached (including [[Edvard Kardelj]], a sign of just how important the Isonzo front was in Yugoslav aims) established a provisional Military Command in the occupied areas. Fully understanding the precarious position it found itself in, the Yugoslav Command undertook great efforts to claim the success for itself, faced with the presence of the [[2nd New Zealand Division]] under General [[Bernard Freyberg]]  in Trieste, which could undermine, as it did, postwar claims of sovereignty and control over the seaport.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Novak |first=Bogdan |title=Trieste, 1941-1954 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1970 |location=United States of America |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref> Cox wrote that it was ''the first major confrontation of the Cold War'' and was ''the one corner of Europe'' where ''no demarcation line had been agreed upon in advance by the Allies.''.<ref>{{cite book |last= [[Geoffrey Cox (journalist)|Cox]] |first= Geoffrey |title= The Race for Trieste (was The Road to Trieste)|accessdate=  |edition= 2 |orig-date= 1947 |year= 1977 |publisher= Whitcoulls |location= New Zealand  |isbn= 0-7183-0375-X |oclc= |page= 7, 250 }} </ref> To this effect, a Tanjug Agency communiqué stated: "The seaport of Trieste, Monfalcone and Gorizia could not be occupied by the above mentioned division [the New Zealand Division] as these cities had already been liberated...by the Yugoslav army...It is true that some Allied forces have without our permission entered into the above mentioned cities which might have undesirable consequences unless this misunderstanding is promptly settled by mutual agreement".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hrženjak |first=Juraj |title=SLOVENSKO PRIMORJE IN ISTRA |publisher=Rad |year=1953 |isbn= |pages=509}}</ref>