Editing Tortoise (section)

==Phylogeny==
A [[molecular phylogeny]] of tortoises, following Le et al. (2006: 525):<ref name=Le>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7103480 |vauthors=Le M, Raxworthy CJ, McCord WP, Mertz L |title=A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=517–31 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16678445 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.003}}</ref>




{{clade
|label1=Testudinidae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ergilemys]]''
|2=''[[Manouria]]''
|3=''[[Gopherus]]''
}}

|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Indotestudo]]''
|2=''[[Testudo (genus)|Testudo]]''
|3=''[[Malacochersus]]''
}}

|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Centrochelys sulcata]]''
|label2=''[[Geochelone]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Geochelone platynota]]''
|2=''[[Geochelone elegans]]''
}}
}}

|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Chersina]]''
|2=''[[Homopus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Stigmochelys]]''
|2=''[[Psammobates]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Aldabrachelys]]''
|2=''[[Pyxis (turtle)|Pyxis]]''
|3=''[[Astrochelys radiata]]''
|4=''[[Astrochelys yniphora]]''
}}
}}

|3={{clade
|1=''[[Kinixys]]''
|2=''[[Chelonoidis]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

A separate phylogeny via [[mtDNA]] analysis was found by Kehlmaier ''et al.'' (2021):<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kehlmaier|first1=Christian|last2=Albury|first2=Nancy A.|last3=Steadman|first3=David W.|last4=Graciá|first4=Eva|last5=Franz|first5=Richard|last6=Fritz|first6=Uwe|date=2021-02-09|title=Ancient mitogenomics elucidates diversity of extinct West Indian tortoises|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=3224|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82299-w|pmid=33564028|pmc=7873039|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.3224K|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{clade
|label1=Testudinidae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
     |1=''[[Manouria]]''
     |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Gopherus]]''
         |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                |1=''[[Testudo (genus)|Testudo]]''
                          |2={{clade
                               |1=''[[Indotestudo]]''
                               |2={{clade
                                     |1=''[[Agrionemys]]''
                                     |2=''[[Malacochersus]]''
                               }}
                           }}
                     }}
                     |3={{clade
                          |1={{extinct}}''[[Cylindraspis]]''
                          |2={{clade
                               |1={{clade
                                    |1={{clade
                                          |1={{clade
                                                   |1={{clade
                                                          |1={{clade
                                                            |1=''[[Chersina]]''
                                                        |2=''[[Chersobius]]''
                                                               }}
                                                   |2=''[[Homopus]]''
                                                   }}
                                                 |2={{clade
                                                |1=''[[Psammobates]]''
                                                |2=''[[Stigmochelys]]''
                                                 }}
                                       }}
                                       |2={{clade
                                             |1={{clade
                                                   |1=''[[Aldabrachelys]]''
                                             |2={{clade
                                             |1=''[[Pyxis (turtle)|Pyxis]]''
                                              |2=''[[Astrochelys]]''
                                             }}
}}
                                            |2={{clade
                                            |1=''[[Kinixys]]''
                                            |2={{clade
                                            |1={{clade
                                            |1=''[[Centrochelys]]''
                                            |2=''[[Geochelone]]''
                                            }}
                                            |2=''[[Chelonoidis]]''
                                            }}
                                            }}
                                         }}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
[[File:Awatoceanofmilk01.JPG|upright|thumb|Bas-relief from [[Angkor Wat]], Cambodia, shows [[Samudra manthan]]-Vishnu in the centre, his turtle [[Avatar]] [[Kurma]] below, [[asura]]s and [[deva (Hinduism)|devas]] to left and right]][[File:Tile al-Qazwini Louvre MAO1194.jpg|thumb|Tile with two [[rabbits]], two [[snake]]s, and a tortoise, illustration for [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]]'s book [[Aja'ib al-Makhluqat|''ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt'']], [[Iran]], 19th century.]]
In 2023 Kehlmaier again recovered a very similar phylogeny to the 2021 one, which further reaffirmed the evolutionary distinctiveness of the extinct ''Cylindraspis'', but swapped the position of ''Gopherus'' and ''Manouria'', making ''Gopherus'' the most basal genus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kehlmaier |first1=Christian |last2=Graciá |first2=Eva |last3=Ali |first3=Jason R. |last4=Campbell |first4=Patrick D. |last5=Chapman |first5=Sandra D. |last6=Deepak |first6=V. |last7=Ihlow |first7=Flora |last8=Jalil |first8=Nour-Eddine |last9=Pierre-Huyet |first9=Laure |last10=Samonds |first10=Karen E. |last11=Vences |first11=Miguel |last12=Fritz |first12=Uwe |date=2023-01-13 |title=Ancient DNA elucidates the lost world of western Indian Ocean giant tortoises and reveals a new extinct species from Madagascar |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=eabq2574 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abq2574 |pmid=36630487 |pmc=9833658 |bibcode=2023SciA....9.2574K |issn=2375-2548}}</ref>