Editing Times New Roman (section)

===Times 4-line Mathematics Series 569===
This is a variant designed for printing mathematical formulae, using the 4‑line system for mathematics developed by Monotype in 1957.<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics">{{cite web |last1=Rhatigan |first1=Daniel |title=The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics |url=http://typeculture.com/academic-resource/articles-essays/the-monotype-4-line-system-for-setting-mathematics/ |website=Type Culture |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Three typefaces for mathematics">{{cite web|last1=Rhatigan|first1=Daniel|title=Three typefaces for mathematics|url=http://ultrasparky.org/school/pdf/DanielRhatigan_Dissertation.pdf|publisher=[[University of Reading]] (MA thesis)|access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> This modified version of Times Roman was designed for use as part of Monotype's 4-line Mathematics system. The major changes to the Times Roman typeface itself were a reduction in the slope of italic characters to 12 degrees from 16 degrees, so as to reduce the need for kerning, and a change in the form of italic 'v' and 'w' so that italic 'v' could be more easily distinguished from a Greek [[Nu (letter)|nu]].<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics"/>

The 4-line system involved casting characters for 10-point Times Roman on 6-point [[Body (typography)|bodies]]. The top of the character would overhang the slug, forming a [[kern (typography)|kern]] which was less fragile than the normal kerns of foundry type, as it was on a slab of cast metal. This technique had been in previous use on Monotype machines, usually involving double-height matrices, to allow the automatic setting of "advertising figures" (numbers that occupy two or more lines, usually to clearly indicate a price in an advertisement set in small type). This meant that the same matrix could be used for both superscript and subscript numbers. More importantly, it allowed a variable or other item to have both a superscript and a subscript at the same time, one above the other, without inordinate difficulty.<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics"/>

Previously, while the Monotype system, due to its flexibility, was widely used for setting mathematical formulas, Monotype's Modern Series 7 was usually used for this purpose.{{sfn|Williamson|1956|p=97}}<ref name="Printing of Mathematics">{{cite book |last1=Chaundy |first1=Theodore William |last2=Barrett |first2=P. R. |last3=Batey |first3=Charles |author-link1=Theodore William Chaundy |title=The Printing of Mathematics: Aids for Authors and Editors and Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford |date=1954 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}</ref> Because of the popularity of Times Roman at the time, Monotype chose to design a variant of Times Roman suited to mathematical composition, and recut many additional characters needed for mathematics, including special symbols as well as Greek and Fraktur alphabets, to accompany the system instead of designing it around the typeface that was being used, for which characters were already available.<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics" /> Matrices for some 700 characters were available as part of Times Roman Series 569 when it was released in 1958, with new characters constantly being added for over a decade afterwards (thus, in 1971, 8,000 characters were included, and new ones were being added at a rate of about 5 per week).<ref name="The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics" />