Editing Timeline of Christian missions (section)

== 1850 to 1899 ==
* 1850 – On the occasion of [[Karl Gützlaff]]'s visit to Europe, the Berlin Ladies Association for China is established in conjunction with the Berlin Missionary Association for China. Work in China will commence in 1851 with the arrival of Hermandine Neumann in Hong Kong. [[Thomas Valpy French|Rev. Thomas Valpy French]], came to India in 1850, founded [[St. John's College, Agra]], and became first Bishop of [[Lahore]] in 1877.
* 1851 – [[Allen Francis Gardiner|Allen Gardiner]] and six missionary colleagues die of exposure and starvation at [[Patagonia]] on the southern tip of South America because a re-supply ship from England arrives six months late.<ref>Anderson, pp. 235-236</ref>
* 1852 – [[International Service Fellowship|Zenana (women) and Medical Missionary Fellowship]] formed in England to send out single women missionaries<ref name=kanep94>Kane, p. 94</ref>
* 1853- The [[Hermannsburg Missionary Society]], founded in 1849 by [[Louis Harms]], has finished training its first group of young missionaries. They are sent to Africa on a ship (the ''Candace'') which had been built using money entirely from donations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Meadows/7589/hmiss_en.html |title=Hermannsburg Mission |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020101532/http://geocities.com/Heartland/Meadows/7589/hmiss_en.html |archive-date=20 October 2009 }}{{rs|date=June 2023}}</ref>
* 1854 – New York Missionary Conference, guided by Alexander Duff, ponders the question: "To what extent are we authorized by the Word of God to expect the conversion of the world to Christ?";<ref name=barrettp29>Barrett, p. 29</ref> Henry Venn, secretary of the [[Church Missionary Society]], sets out ideal of self-governing, self-supporting and self-propagating churches; [[Hudson Taylor]] arrives in China<ref>Neill, pp. 221, 282</ref>
* 1855 – [[Henry Bird Steinhauer|Henry Steinhauer]] is ordained as a Canadian [[Methodism|Methodist]] missionary to [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|North American Indians]] and posted to [[Lac La Biche, Alberta]]. Steinhauer's missionary work had actually begun 15 years earlier in 1840 when he was assigned to Lac La Pluie to assist in translating, teaching and interpreting the [[Ojibwa]] and [[Cree]] languages.
* 1856 – [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] start work in [[Colombia]] with the arrival of Henry Pratt<ref>Olson, p. 156</ref>
* 1856 – [[Siméon-François Berneux]] arrives in Korea
* 1857 – Bible translated into [[Tswana language]]; Board of Foreign Missions of [[Dutch Reformed Church]] set up; four missionary couples killed at the [[Fatehgarh]] mission during the Indian Mutiny of 1857;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=AGA4292 |title=A memorial of the Futtehgurh mission and her martyred missionaries: with some remarks on the mutiny in India./ By the Rev. J. Johnston Walsh |work=Quod.lib.umich.edu |access-date=2010-07-10}}</ref> Publication of [[David Livingstone]]'s book ''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa''
* 1858 – [[John Gibson Paton|John G. Paton]] begins work in [[New Hebrides]];<ref>Tucker, p. 225{{verify source|date=August 2013}}</ref> Basel Evangelical Missionary Society begins work in western [[Sumatra]] (Indonesia)
* 1859 – Presbyterian minister Rev. [[Ashbel Green Simonton]] arrives in Rio de Janeiro.
* 1859 – Protestant missionaries arrive in Japan;<ref>Glover, p. 171</ref> Revivals in North America and the British Isles generate interest in overseas missions; [[Albert Benjamin Simpson]] (founder of [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]]) is converted by the revival ministry of [[Henry Grattan Guinness]]
*1860 – British Syrian Schools Association (forerunner to MECO and [[SIM (Christian organization)|SIM]]) set up by [[Elizabeth Bowen Thompson]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nisbet|first=Harry C.|title=Fonds distribution for St Antony's college|url=https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gb165-0397-british-syrian-schools.pdf|journal=St Antony's College}}</ref>
* 1861 – Protestant Stundism arises in the village of Osnova of modern-day [[Ukraine]]; [[Sarah Platt Doremus|Sarah Doremus]] founds the Women's Union Missionary Society; [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]] Church opens work in [[Haiti]];<ref>Glover, p. 429</ref> Rhenish Mission goes to [[Indonesia]] under [[Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen|Ludwig Nommensen]]
* 1862 – Paris Evangelical Missionary Society opens work in [[Senegal]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=a&word=AFRICA |title=Christian Cyclopedia &#124; The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod |work=Lcms.org |access-date=2010-07-10}}</ref> the first dictionary of the [[Samoan language]] published, written by [[George Pratt (missionary)|Rev George Pratt]] of the [[London Missionary Society]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/name-121543.html | title = New Zealand Electronic Text Centre | access-date = 2009-04-16}}</ref>
* 1863 – [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]], missionary to Africa with the [[London Missionary Society]], publishes his book ''Rivers of Water in a Dry Place, Being an Account of the Introduction of Christianity into South Africa, and of Mr. Moffat's Missionary Labours''
* 1865 – The [[China Inland Mission]] is founded by [[James Hudson Taylor]];<ref name=kanep94/> [[James Laidlaw Maxwell]] plants first viable [[Christian Church|church]] in [[Taiwan]]. [[Salvation Army]] founded in London by [[William Booth]]. Van Dyck Bible (in [[Bible translations into Arabic|Arabic]]) completed. 
* 1865 –  Ernst Faber arrives in China.<ref>Gad C. Isay, "Religious Obligation Transformed Into Intercultural Agency: Ernst Faber's Mission In China." ''Monumenta serica'' 54.1 (2006): 253-267.</ref> 
* 1865. [[Henry Venn (Church Missionary Society)|Henry Venn]] (1796-1873) of the Church Missionary Society called for "three-self" native churches: self-supporting, self-governing, and self-propagating.<ref>Brian Stanley,  "The church of the three selves: A perspective from the World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh, 1910." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 36.3 (2008): 435-451.</ref>
* 1866 – [[Charles Haddon Spurgeon]] invents the [[Wordless Book]], which is widely used in cross-cultural evangelism;<ref>Balmer, Randall Herbert. ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism'', Baylor University Press, 2004, p. 764</ref> Theodore Jonas Meyer (1819–1894), a converted Jew serving as a Presbyterian missionary in Italy, nurses those dying in a [[cholera]] epidemic until he himself falls prey to the disease. Barely surviving, he becomes a peacemaker between [[Roman Catholic church|Catholics]] and [[Protestantism|Protestants]]; [[Robert Jermain Thomas|Robert Thomas]], known as the first Protestant martyr in Korea, is beaten to death by locals after getting involved in kidnapping, shooting & killing locals in Pyongyang, Korea<ref>Ko-jong Sil-lok vol. 3</ref>
* 1867 – Methodists start work in [[Argentina]];<ref>Olson, pp. 156, 282</ref> [[Scripture Union]] established; [[Lars Olsen Skrefsrud]] and [[Hans Peter Børresen]]  begin working among the [[Santals]] of India.
* 1868 – Robert Bruce goes to [[Iran]], Canadian Baptist missionary Americus Timpany begins work among the [[Telugu people]] in India.
* 1869 – The first [[Methodism|Methodist]] women's missionary magazine, ''The Heathen Women's Friend'', begins publication. Riot in [[Yangzhou]], China destroys [[China Inland Mission]] house and nearly leads to open war between Britain and China.
* 1870 – [[Clara Swain]], the very first female missionary medical doctor, arrives at [[Uttar Pradesh|Bareilly]], India; Orthodox Missionary Society founded<ref>Latourette, 1941, vol. IV, p. 107</ref>
* 1871 – [[William Gibson Sloan|William Sloan]] went to [[Faeroe Islands]] commended from a brethren assembly
* 1871 – [[Henry Morton Stanley|Henry Stanley]] finds [[David Livingstone]] in central Africa<ref>Anderson, p. 631</ref>
* 1872 – First All-India Missionary Conference with 136 participants;<ref>Olson, p. 163</ref> [[George Leslie Mackay]] plants church in northern [[Taiwan]];<ref>Anderson, pp. 423-424</ref> [[Lottie Moon]] appointed as missionary to China<ref>Anderson, p. 471</ref>
* 1873 – [[Regions Beyond Missionary Union]] founded in London in connection with the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions; first Scripture portion ([[Gospel of Luke]]) translated into [[Pangasinan]], a language of the Philippines, by [[Manrique Alonso Lallave|Alfonso Lallave]]<ref>Glover, p. 134</ref>
* 1874 – [[Gustav Warneck]] founded the ''Allgemeine Missions Zeitschrift'' in Gütersloh / Germany, the first scientific missionary periodical;<ref>Moreau, p. 1006</ref> [[Granville Waldegrave, 3rd Baron Radstock|Lord Radstock]]'s first visit to [[St. Petersburg]], Russia, and the beginning of an evangelical awakening among the St. Petersburg nobility; [[Albert Sturges]] initiates the Interior Micronesia Mission in the Mortlock Islands under the leadership of [[Micronesia]]n students from Ohwa
* 1875 – The Foreign Christian Missionary Society organized within the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)]] and [[Church of Christ]] movements; Clah, a Canadian Indian convert, brought Christianity to natives at Ft. Wangel, Alaska. He assumed the name of Philip McKay.
* 1875 - The [[Society of the Divine Word]], a Roman Catholic missionary community, is founded by Arnold Jannsen in Steyl, Holland.
* 1876 – In September, a rusty ocean steamer arrives at a port on the [[Calabar River]] in what is now [[Nigeria]]. That part of Africa was then known as the White Man's Grave. The only woman on board that ship is 29-year-old [[Mary Slessor]], a missionary.<ref>Tucker, p. 171{{verify source|date=August 2013}}</ref>
* 1877 – [[James Chalmers (missionary)|James Chalmers]] goes to [[New Guinea]];<ref>Neill, p. 299</ref> Presbyterians Sheldon Jackson and missionary-widow [[Amanda McFarland]] arrive at Ft. Wrangel, Alaska where they join Philip McKay (né Clah) to start missionary work. McFarland was the first white woman in Alaska, and renowned as "Alaska's Courageous Missionary." [[OMF International|China Inland Mission]] opens up [[Protestantism in Sichuan|settled mission work in Sichuan]].
* 1878 – Mass movement to Christ begins in [[Ongole]], India<ref>Moreau, p. 206</ref>
* 1880 – Woman missionary doctor [[Fanny Jane Butler|Fanny Butler]] goes to India;<ref>Neill, p. 217</ref> Missionary periodical ''The Gospel in All Lands'' is launched by [[Albert Benjamin Simpson|A. B. Simpson]];<ref>Anderson, p. 622</ref> [[Justus Henry Nelson]] and Fannie Bishop Capen Nelson begin 45 years of service in [[Belém]], [[Pará]], [[Brazil]], establishing the first Protestant Church in Amazonia in 1883
* 1880 – Conversion of [[Xi Shengmo]] (1836-1896), a brilliant Confucian philosopher who after being freed opium, dedicated his life to preaching the Gospel and creating of rehabilitation centers for thousands of opium addicts in the Chinese province of [[Shanxi]] and other cities and towns such as Chao-ch'eng, Teng-ts'uen, Hoh-chau, T'ai-yuan and Ping-yang, along with his wife. In 1906, there were, in all, 45 rehabilitation centers and 300,000 healed.<ref>Taylor, Mrs. Howard, Pastor Hsi: Confucian Scholar and Christian (1900; rev. 1949, 1989).</ref><ref>Austin, Alvyn James, "Pilgrims and Strangers: The China Inland Mission in Britain, Canada, the United States and China 1865-1990" (Ph.D. diss., York University, North York, Ontario, 1996).</ref><ref>Broomhall, A. J., Assault on the Nine, Book 6:1875-87 of Hudson Taylor and China's Open Century (1988).</ref><ref>Latourette, Kenneth Scott, A History of Christian Missions in China (1966).</ref>
* 1881 – Methodist work in [[Lahore]], Pakistan starts in the wake of revivals under Bishop William Taylor; North Africa Mission (now Arab World Ministries) founded on work of Edward Glenny in [[Algeria]]<ref>Olson, p. 152</ref>
* 1881 – Home & Foreign Mission Fund (now known as Interlink) was established in Glasgow as a missionary service group for brethren missionaries from Scotland
* 1882 – James Gilmour, [[London Missionary Society]] missionary to [[Mongolia]], goes home to England for a furlough. During that time he published a book: ''Among the Mongols''. It was so well-written that one critic wrote, "[[Robinson Crusoe]] has turned missionary, lived years in Mongolia, and wrote a book about it." Concerning the author, the critic said, "If ever on earth there lived a man who kept the law of Christ, and could give proof of it, and be absolutely unconscious that he was giving it to them, it is this man whom the Mongols called 'our Gilmour.'"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/bible/church/chapter8.htm |title=Among China's Millions |work=Electricscotland.com |access-date=2010-07-10}}</ref>
* 1882 - [[Alice Robertson|Alice Mary Robertson]], granddaughter of missionary Samuel Worcester, founds [[Nuyaka Mission]] near present-day [[Okmulgee, Oklahoma]], primarily ministering to Creek Nation.
* 1883 – [[Salvation Army]] enters [[West Pakistan]];<ref>Glover, p. 92</ref> [[Albert Benjamin Simpson|A.B. Simpson]] organizes The Missionary Union for the Evangelization of the World. The first classes of the Missionary Training College are held in New York City. Zaire [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]] mission field opens.
* 1884 – [[David Watt Torrance|David Torrance]] is sent by the Jewish Mission of the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)|Free Church of Scotland]] as a medical missionary to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]
* 1884 – [[Margaret Catherine Alice Hyson|Alice Hyson]] is sent by Mrs. F. E. H. Haines, and the Women's Home Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church, to [[Taos, New Mexico]]<ref name=Foote>{{cite book|last1=Foote|first1=Cheryl J.|title=Women of the New Mexico frontier, 1846-1912|date=2005|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|isbn=0-8263-3755-4|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUto8ByWtO4C&pg=PA92|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> 
* 1885 – [[Horace Grant Underwood]], Presbyterian missionary, and [[Henry Appenzeller]], [[Methodism|Methodist]] missionary, arrive in Korea;<ref name=kanep99>Kane, p. 99</ref> Scottish [[Ion Keith Falconer|Ion Keith-Falconer]] goes to [[Aden]] on the Arabian peninsula;<ref name="Olson, p. 157">Olson, p. 157</ref> "[[Cambridge Seven]]" -- [[Charles Studd|C. T. Studd]], [[Montagu Proctor-Beauchamp|M. Beauchamp]], [[William Cassels|W. W. Cassels]], [[Dixon Edward Hoste, China Inland Mission|D. E. Hoste]], [[Stanley P. Smith|S. P. Smith]], [[Arthur T. Polhill|A. T. Polhill-Turner]], [[Cecil Polhill|C. H. Polhill-Turner]]—go to China as missionaries with the [[China Inland Mission]]<ref>Anderson, p. 111</ref>
* 1886 – [[Student Volunteer Movement]] launched as 100 university and seminary students at [[Dwight L. Moody|Moody's]] conference grounds at Mount Hermon, Massachusetts, sign the Princeton Pledge which says:  ''"I purpose, God willing, to become a foreign missionary."''{{sfn|Tucker|2004|p=320}}
* 1886 – [[Johann Flierl]], missionary, arrives in [[New Guinea]]
* 1887 – [[The Hundred missionaries]] deployed in one year in China under the [[China Inland Mission]]. Dr. William Cassidy, a Toronto medical doctor, was ordained as the [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]]'s first missionary preacher. Unfortunately, en route to China, he died of [[smallpox]]. However, Cassidy's death has been called the "spark that ignited the Alliance missionary blaze."
* 1888 – [[Jonathan Goforth]] sails to China;<ref>Anderson, p. 247</ref> [[Student Volunteer Movement]] for foreign missions officially organized with [[John R. Mott]] as chairman and Robert Wilder as traveling secretary. The movement's motto, coined by Wilder, was:  ''"The evangelization of the world in this generation.'';<ref name=kanep103>Kane, p. 103</ref> Scripture Gift Mission (now [[Lifewords]]) founded; [[Lilias Trotter]], founder of the Algiers Mission Band,  arrives in Algiers
* 1889 – Missionary linguist and folklorist [[Paul Olaf Bodding]] arrives in India, Santhal Parganas, and continues the work among the Santals started by Skrefsrud and Børresen in 1867; North Africa Mission enters [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] as first Protestant mission in [[Libya]]<ref>Moreau, p. 577</ref>
* 1890 – Presbyterian missionary, [[Robert McGill Loughridge|Robert M. Loughridge]], founded the [[First Presbyterian Church of Coweta]]. 
* 1890 – Central American Mission founded by [[Cyrus I. Scofield|C. I. Scofield]], editor of the [[Scofield Reference Bible]];<ref name="Olson, p. 157"/> Methodist Charles Gabriel writes missionary song "Send the Light"; [[John Livingston Nevius]] of China visits Korea to outline his strategy for missions: 1) Each believer should be a productive member of society and active in sharing his faith; 2) The church in Korea should be distinctly Korean and free of foreign control; 3) The leaders of the Korean [[Christian Church|church]] will be selected and trained from its members; 4) Church buildings will be built by Koreans with their own resources;<ref>Anderson p. 490</ref> [[Fredrik Franson]] founds the Scandinavian Alliance Mission in Chicago, later known as [[The Evangelical Alliance Mission]]. 
* 1891 – [[Samuel Marinus Zwemer|Samuel Zwemer]] goes to [[Basra]] in southern [[Iraq]],<ref>Moreau, p. 503</ref> having founded the Arabian Mission in 1890;<ref>Moreau, p. 1046</ref> Helen Chapman sails for the Congo (Zaire). She married a Danish missionary, William Rasmussen, whom she met during the voyage.
* 1892 – [[Redcliffe College]], Centre for Mission Training founded in [[Chelsea, London]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redcliffe.org/standard.asp?id=572 |title=Training mission workers &#124; Missionary training at Redcliffe |work=Redcliffe.org |access-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119212452/http://www.redcliffe.org/standard.asp?id=572 |archive-date=2009-11-19 }}</ref>
* 1892 – [[Open Air Campaigners]] was founded in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] as "Coogee Open Air Mission".
* 1893- Charles Frederick Reeve started the Poona and Indian Village Mission at Poona.
* 1893 – [[Eleanor Chesnut]] goes to China as Presbyterian medical missionary;{{sfn|Tucker|2004|p=402}} [[SIM (Christian organization)|Sudan Interior Mission (SIM)]] founded by Rowland Bingham, a graduate of [[Nyack College]]<ref>Olson, p. 153</ref>
* 1894 – Soatanana Revival begins among Lutheran and LMS churches in [[Madagascar]], lasting 80 years<ref name=barrettp29/>
* 1895 – [[Africa Inland Mission]] formed by Peter Cameron Scott;<ref name=kanep95/> Japan Bible Society established; [[Roland Allen]] sent as missionary for the [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts]] to its North China Mission.<ref>Anderson, p. 12</ref> [[Amy Carmichael]] arrives in India.
* 1896 – Ödön Scholtz founds the first Hungarian Lutheran foreign mission periodical ''Külmisszió''<ref>Uhalley, Stephen and Xiaoxin Wu. ''China and Christianity: Burdened Past, Hopeful Future'', M.E. Sharpe, 2001, p. 227</ref>
* 1897 – [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] begins work in [[Venezuela]]
* 1897 – [[Russian Orthodox Church]] decided to establish a mission in [[Korea]]
* 1898 – Theresa Huntington leaves her New England home for the Middle East. For seven years she will work as an American Board missionary in [[Elazığ]] (Kharput) in the Ottoman Empire. Her letters home will be published in a book titled ''Great Need over the Water''; Archibald Reekie of the [[Canadian Baptist Ministries]] arrives in Oruro as the first Protestant missionary to [[Bolivia]]. The work of Canadian Baptists led to the guarantee of freedom of religion in Bolivia in 1905.
* 1899 – James Rodgers arrives in [[Philippines]] with the Presbyterian Mission;<ref>Neill, p. 292</ref> Central American Mission enters [[Guatemala]]<ref>Moreau, p. 418</ref>