Editing Tibetan Buddhism (section)

===20th century===
[[File:1913 in Khuree.jpg|thumb|[[Autochrome]] photo of [[Gandantegchinlen Monastery]] in 1913, [[Ulaanbaatar]], Mongolia]]
In 1912, following the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Tibet became de facto independent under the 13th [[Dalai Lama]] government based in [[Lhasa]], maintaining the current territory of what is now called the [[Tibetan Autonomous Region]].<ref name="Kapstein, Matthew T. 2014, p. 100">{{harvp|Kapstein|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTZLAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 100].}}</ref>

During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)]], the "Chinese Tantric Buddhist Revival Movement" ({{zh|c=密教復興運動}}) took place, and important figures such as [[Nenghai]] ({{Lang|zh|能海喇嘛}}, 1886–1967) and Master Fazun ({{Lang|zh|法尊}}, 1902–1980) promoted Tibetan Buddhism and translated Tibetan works into Chinese.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bianchi |first=Ester |title=The Tantric Rebirth Movement in Modern China, Esoteric Buddhism re-vivified by the Japanese and Tibetan traditions |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung |volume=57 |number=1 |pages=31–54 |date=2004|doi=10.1556/AOrient.57.2004.1.3 |url=https://real.mtak.hu/46312/1/aorient.57.2004.1.3.pdf }}</ref> This movement was severely damaged during the [[Cultural Revolution]], however.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

After the [[Battle of Chamdo]], Tibet was annexed by [[China]] in 1950. In 1959 the [[14th Dalai Lama]] and a great number of clergy and citizenry fled the country, to settle in India and other neighbouring countries. The events of the [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–76) saw religion as one of the main political targets of the [[Chinese Communist Party]], and most of the several thousand temples and monasteries in Tibet were destroyed, with many monks and lamas imprisoned.<ref name="Kapstein 108">{{harvp|Kapstein|2014|p=108}}.</ref> During this time, private religious expression, as well as Tibetan cultural traditions, were suppressed. Much of the Tibetan textual heritage and institutions were destroyed, and monks and nuns were forced to disrobe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religions in the Modern World|last1=Cantwell|first1=Cathy|last2=Kawanami|first2=Hiroko|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-0-415-85881-6|edition=3rd|location=New York|pages=91}}</ref>

Outside of Tibet, however, there has been a renewed interest in Tibetan Buddhism in places such as Nepal and Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-24 |title=Opinion {{!}} Nepal is the birthplace of Buddhism |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/nepal-is-the-birthplace-of-buddhism/2017/01/27/cc17a5f2-e2a4-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marks |first=Thomas A. |date=1977 |title=Historical Observations on Buddhism in Bhutan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43299858 |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=74–91 |jstor=43299858 |issn=0970-5368}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhutan's Religious History in a Thousand Words {{!}} Mandala Collections - Texts |url=https://texts.mandala.library.virginia.edu/text/bhutans-religious-history-thousand-words |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=texts.mandala.library.virginia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief Historical Background of the Religious Institutions of Bhutan |url=https://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117506.htm |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhutan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bhutan/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the spread of Tibetan Buddhism in the Western world was accomplished by many of the refugee Tibetan Lamas who escaped Tibet,<ref name="Kapstein 108" /> such as [[Akong Rinpoche]] and [[Chögyam Trungpa]] who in 1967 were founders of [[Kagyu Samye Ling]] the first Tibetan Buddhist Centre to be established in the West.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.samyeling.org/about/a-brief-history-of-kagyu-samye-ling/|title=A Brief History of Kagyu Samye Ling &#124; SamyeLing.org|website=www.samyeling.org}}</ref>

After the liberalization policies in China during the 1980s, the religion began to recover with some temples and monasteries being reconstructed.<ref name="Kapstein 110">{{harvp|Kapstein|2014|p=110}}.</ref> Tibetan Buddhism is now an influential religion in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and overseas Chinese communities.<ref name="Kapstein 110"/> However, the Chinese government retains strict control over Tibetan Buddhist Institutions in the [[China|PRC]]. Quotas on the number of monks and nuns are maintained, and their activities are closely supervised.{{sfnp|Samuel|2012|p=238}}

Within the Tibetan Autonomous Region, violence against Buddhists has been escalating since 2008.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Freedom House|title=Freedom In The World 2020: Tibet|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tibet/freedom-world/2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=International Campaign for Tibet|url=https://savetibet.org/why-tibet/self-immolations-by-tibetans/|title=Self-Immolations}}</ref> Widespread reports document the arrests and disappearances<ref>{{cite web|website=Central Tibetan Administration|date=5 October 2019|url=https://tibet.net/monk-from-tibets-amdo-ngaba-arrested-over-social-media-posts-on-tibetan-language/|title=Monk from Tibet's Amdo Ngaba arrested over social media posts on Tibetan Language}}</ref> of nuns and monks, while the Chinese government classifies religious practices as "gang crime".<ref>{{cite web|website=Human Rights Watch|date=14 May 2020|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/14/china-tibet-anti-crime-campaign-silences-dissent|title=China: Tibet Anti-Crime Campaign Silences Dissent}}</ref> Reports include the demolition of monasteries, forced disrobing, forced reeducation, and detentions of nuns and monks, especially those residing at [[Yarchen Gar]]'s center, the most highly publicized.<ref>{{cite web|website=Free Tibet|date=8 July 2019|url=https://www.freetibet.org/news-media/na/further-evictions-and-repression-yarchen-gar|title=Further Evictions and Repression at Yarchen Gar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Craig|last=Lewis|website=The Buddhist Door|date=6 September 2019|url=https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/new-images-reveal-extent-of-demolitions-at-yarchen-gar-buddhist-monastery|title=New Images Reveal Extent of Demolitions at Yarchen Gar Buddhist Monastery}}</ref>