Editing The Protectorate (section)

==Aftermath and restoration==
{{main|Commonwealth of England (1659–1660)|Stuart Restoration}}
After Richard Cromwell was removed from power by the Grandees of the New Army, the Rump Parliament was instated and soon after was replaced by the Committee of Safety and Council of State under the authority of [[Charles Fleetwood]]. The Committee of Safety then ordered General John Lambert to meet [[George Monck]], the commander of English forces in Scotland and a royalist sympathizer, to force Monck's submission or defeat. Monck instead marched south. As Lambert's army marched north, his ranks began to dwindle and he was ultimately forced to retreat back to London.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bucholz |first1=R. O. |title=Early modern England 1485–1714 : a narrative history |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-1-118-53222-5 |page=285|edition=3rd}}</ref>

When Monck reached London he allowed Presbyterian members, who had been removed by [[Pride's Purge]], to re-enter Parliament on 21 February 1660. On 16 March 1660, the Long Parliament dissolved itself after preparations were made for the [[Convention Parliament (1660)|Convention Parliament of 1660]] to succeed it. On 4 April 1660, Charles II proclaimed the [[Declaration of Breda]], which granted a pardon for all crimes committed during the Civil War and the Interregnum to those who recognized him as the lawful king. On 8 May 1660, the Convention Parliament declared Charles II the lawful successor of Charles I and king. The Convention Parliament then began the transition back to monarchy through the passage of the [[Restoration Settlement]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bucholz |first1=R. O. |title=Early modern England 1485–1714 : a narrative history |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex |isbn=978-1-118-53222-5 |pages=286 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

According to [[Derek Hirst]], outside of politics and religion, the 1640s and the 1650s saw a revived economy characterized by growth in manufacturing, the elaboration of financial and credit instruments and the commercialization of communication. The gentry found time for leisure activities such as horse racing and bowling. In [[high culture]], important innovations included the development of a mass market for music, increased scientific research and an expansion of publishing. All of those trends were discussed in depth at the newly-established [[Coffeehouse#England|coffeehouses]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Derek |last=Hirst |author-link=Derek Hirst |title=Locating the 1650s in England's seventeenth century |journal=History |date=July 1996 |volume=81 |issue=263 |pages=359–383 |doi=10.1111/1468-229X.00016 |jstor=24423269}}</ref>