Editing Terbium (section)

== Applications ==
Terbium is used as a [[dopant]] in [[calcium fluoride]], calcium [[tungstate]], and [[strontium]] [[molybdate]], materials that are used in solid-state devices, and as a crystal stabilizer of [[fuel cell]]s which operate at elevated temperatures, together with [[zirconium dioxide]] ({{chem2|ZrO2}}).<ref name="CRC">{{cite book | editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8493-0486-6 |author=Hammond, C. R. |chapter=The Elements}}</ref>{{Sfn|Voncken|2016|p=101}}

Terbium is also used in [[alloy]]s and in the production of electronic devices. As a component of [[Terfenol-D]], terbium is used in [[actuator]]s, in naval [[sonar]] systems, [[sensor]]s, and other magnetomechanical devices. Terfenol-D is a terbium alloy that expands or contracts in the presence of a magnetic field.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deng |first=Geng |date=January 2018 |title=Terbium glows green |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nchem.2914 |journal=Nature Chemistry |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=110 |doi=10.1038/nchem.2914 |pmid=29256517 |bibcode=2018NatCh..10..110D |issn=1755-4349}}</ref> It has the highest [[magnetostriction]] of any [[alloy]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.sna.2008.11.026|title=New elastomer–Terfenol-D magnetostrictive composites|date=2009|author=Rodriguez, C|journal=Sensors and Actuators A: Physical|volume=149|page=251|last2=Rodriguez|first2=M.|last3=Orue|first3=I.|last4=Vilas|first4=J.|last5=Barandiaran|first5=J.|last6=Gubieda|first6=M.|last7=Leon|first7=L.|issue=2|bibcode=2009SeAcA.149..251R }}</ref> It is used to increase verdet constant in long-distance fiber optic communication.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/terbium-uses-in-electronics.html |title=Terbium Uses in Electronics |last=Loewen |first=Eric |website=Stanford Advanced Materials |access-date=Aug 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=L. |last2=Jiang |first2=S. |year=2010 |title=Compact all-fiber optical Faraday components using 65-wt%-terbium–doped fiber with a record Verdet constant of −32 rad/(Tm) |journal=Optics Express |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=12191–12196 |doi=10.1364/OE.18.012191|pmid=20588343 |bibcode=2010OExpr..1812191S }}</ref> Terbium-doped garnets are also used in optical isolators, which prevents reflected light from traveling back along the optical fiber.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geho |first1=Mikio |last2=Takagi |first2=Takashi |year=2005 |title=Development of Optical Isolators for Visible Light Using Terbium Aluminum Garnet (Tb<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>) Single Crystals |journal=Japanese Journal of Applied Physics |volume=44 |issue=7R |page=4967 |doi=10.1143/JJAP.44.4967|bibcode=2005JaJAP..44.4967G }}</ref>

Terbium oxides are used in green [[phosphor]]s in fluorescent lamps, color TV tubes,<ref name="CRC" /> and flat screen monitors.{{Sfn|Voncken|2016|p=100}} Terbium, along with all other [[Lanthanide|lanthanides]] except [[lanthanum]] and [[lutetium]], is [[Luminescence|luminescent]] in the 3+ oxidation state.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hänninen |first1=Pekka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWxwcXO94M8C |title=Lanthanide Luminescence: Photophysical, Analytical and Biological Aspects |last2=Härmä |first2=Harri |date=2011-06-21 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-21023-5 |pages=15–20 |language=en}}</ref> The brilliant fluorescence allows terbium to be used as a [[Chemical probe|probe]] in biochemistry, where it somewhat resembles [[calcium]] in its behavior. Terbium "green" phosphors (which fluoresce a brilliant lemon-yellow) are combined with divalent europium blue phosphors and trivalent europium red phosphors to provide [[trichromatic]] lighting, which is by far the largest consumer of the world's terbium supply. Trichromatic lighting provides much higher light output for a given amount of electrical energy than does [[incandescent light]]ing.<ref name="CRC" />

In 2023, terbium compounds were used to create a lattice with a single [[iron]] atom that was then examined by [[synchrotron]] [[x-ray]] beam. This was the first successful attempt to characterize a single atom at sub-atomic levels.<ref name="2023-05-31_Nature">{{Cite journal |last1=Ajayi |first1=Tolulope M. |last2=Shirato |first2=Nozomi |last3=Rojas |first3=Tomas |last4=Wieghold |first4=Sarah |last5=Cheng |first5=Xinyue |last6=Latt |first6=Kyaw Zin |last7=Trainer |first7=Daniel J. |last8=Dandu |first8=Naveen K. |last9=Li |first9=Yiming |last10=Premarathna |first10=Sineth |last11=Sarkar |first11=Sanjoy |last12=Rosenmann |first12=Daniel |last13=Liu |first13=Yuzi |last14=Kyritsakas |first14=Nathalie |last15=Wang |first15=Shaoze |date=June 2023 |title=Characterization of just one atom using synchrotron X-rays |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06011-w |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=618 |issue=7963 |pages=69–73 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06011-w |pmid=37259001 |bibcode=2023Natur.618...69A |osti=2001465 |s2cid=258992110 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>