Editing Tanzania (section)

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Tanzania}}

===Government===
{{main|Constitution of Tanzania}}
Tanzania is a [[one party dominant state|one-party dominant state]] with the [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) party in power. From its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. This changed on 1 July 1992, when the constitution was amended.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 3}} It has held power since independence in 1961, and is the longest-serving ruling party in Africa.<ref name="cfr.org"/>

[[John Magufuli]] won the October 2015 presidential election and secured a two-thirds majority in parliament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania's ruling party secures the presidency and a two-thirds majority in parliament |url=https://qz.com/536317/tanzanias-ruling-party-secures-the-presidency-and-a-two-thirds-it.majority-in-parliament/ |work=Quartz |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-10-29|title=Tanzania poll: John Magufuli of CCM defeats Edward Lowassa|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34669468|access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref> The main opposition party in Tanzania since multiparty politics in 1992 is called [[Chadema|Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Chadema)]] ([[Swahili language|Swahili]] for "Party for Democracy and Progress"). The leader of Chadema party is [[Freeman Mbowe]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2020-11-02 |title=Tanzania police arrest main opposition party leader ahead of protests |website=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/02/africa/tanzania-opposition-leader-arrest-intl/index.html |access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref>

In [[Zanzibar]], the country's semi-autonomous state, [[Alliance for Change and Transparency|The Alliance for Change and Transparency-Wazalendo]] (ACT-Wazalendo) is considered the main opposition political party. The constitution of Zanzibar requires the party that comes in second in the polls to join a coalition with the winning party. ACT-Wazalendo joined a coalition government with the islands' ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi in December 2020 after Zanzibar disputed [[2020 Zanzibari general election|elections]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/constitutions-tanzania-elections-africa-dar-es-salaam-316350ec78b5299743309ebca78ba889 |title=Zanzibar's opposition party to join coalition government |last=Sultan |first=Ali |work=Associated Press |date=6 December 2020 |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>

In November 2020, Magufuli once again was declared the winner for his second term as president. Election fraud was suspected. The national electoral commission announced that Magufuli received 84%, or about 12.5 million votes and the top opposition candidate, [[Tundu Lissu]] received 13%, about 1.9&nbsp;million votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54759865 |title=Tanzania elections: Main opposition parties demand fresh vote |work=BBC News |date=31 October 2020 |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>

In March 2021, it was announced that Magufuli had died whilst serving in office, meaning that his vice president, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], became the country's president.<ref name=":7" />

===Executive===
{{multiple image
| caption_align     = center
| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| image1            = Samia Suluhu Hassan in May 2017.jpg
| width1            = 125
| caption1          = [[Samia Suluhu|President Samia Suluhu Hassan]]
| image2            =
| width2            = 150
| caption2          = [[Philip Mpango|Vice-President Philip Mpango]]
| image3            = Kassim Majaliwa.jpg
| caption3          = [[Kassim Majaliwa|Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa]]
| width3            = 110
}}

The [[president of Tanzania]] and the [[List of Tanzania National Assembly members|members of the National Assembly]] are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for five-year terms.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 42(2)}} The [[Vice President of Tanzania|vice-president]] is elected for a five-year term at the same time as the president and on the same ticket.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§§ 47(2), 50(1)}} Neither the president nor the vice-president may be a member of the National Assembly.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 66(2)}} The president appoints a [[Prime Minister of Tanzania|prime minister]] from among the members of the National Assembly, subject to confirmation by the assembly, to serve as the government's leader in the assembly.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217023916/http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2010 |title=Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania |publisher=Judiciary of Tanzania |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>{{rp|§§ 51(1)-(2), 52(2)}} The president selects her [[Cabinet of Tanzania|cabinet]] from assembly members.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 55}} [[Law enforcement in Tanzania]] is under the executive branch of government and is administered by the Tanzania Police Force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |title=Tanzania Police Force |publisher=African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170416/https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Legislature===
All [[Legislature|legislative]] power relating to mainland Tanzania and union matters is vested in the [[National Assembly of Tanzania|National Assembly]],<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 64(1)}} which is unicameral and has 393 members.<ref name="Edge"/> These include members elected to represent constituencies, the attorney general, five members elected by the [[Zanzibar]] house of representatives from among its own members, the special women's seats that constitute at least 30% of the seats that any party has in the assembly, the speaker of the assembly (if not otherwise a member of the assembly), and the persons (not more than ten) appointed by the president.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 66(1)}} The Tanzania Electoral Commission demarcates the mainland into constituencies in the number determined by the commission with the consent of the president.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 75}}

===Judiciary===
{{See also|Chief Justice of Tanzania}}
Tanzania's legal system is based on English [[common law]].<ref name="TZ court system"/>
[[File:Kigoma High Court, Bangwe Ward, Kigoma.jpg|thumb|High Court Building in [[Kigoma]]]]

Tanzania has a four-level judiciary.<ref name="TZ court system"/> The lowest-level courts on the Tanzanian mainland are the Primary Courts.<ref name="TZ court system"/> In Zanzibar, the lowest-level courts are the Kadhi's Courts for Islamic family matters and the Primary Courts for all other cases.<ref name="TZ court system"/> On the mainland, appeal is to either the District Courts or the Resident Magistrates Courts.<ref name="TZ court system"/> In Zanzibar, appeal is to the Kadhi's Appeal Courts for Islamic family matters and the Magistrates Courts for all other cases.<ref name="TZ court system"/> From there, appeal is to the [[High Court of Tanzania|High Court of Mainland Tanzania or Zanzibar]].<ref name="TZ court system"/> No appeal regarding Islamic family matters can be made from the High Court of Zanzibar.<ref name="TZ court system"/><ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 99(1)}} Otherwise, the final appeal is to the Court of Appeal of Tanzania.<ref name="TZ court system">{{cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Tanzania1.html#_The_Judiciary |title=UPDATE: Tanzanian Legal System and Legal Research |first1=Christabel |last1=Manning |first2=Seka |last2=Kasera |publisher=[[GlobaLex]] |access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

The High Court of mainland Tanzania has three divisions – commercial, labour, and land<ref name="TZ court system"/> – and 15 geographic zones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comcourt.go.tz/comcourt/|title=Commercial Division — High Court of Tanzania|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223142716/http://www.comcourt.go.tz/comcourt/|archive-date=23 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The High Court of Zanzibar has an industrial division, which hears only labour disputes.<ref>[http://www.judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz/historical_background.php "Welcome to High Court of Zanzibar"]. ''judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317235728/http://www.judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz/historical_background.php |date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

Mainland and union judges are appointed by the [[Chief Justice of Tanzania]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023291.pdf|title=UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Public Administration Country Profile|date=January 2004|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516194348/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023291.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> except for those of the [[Appellate court|Court of Appeal]] and the High Court, who are appointed by the president of Tanzania.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp| §§ 109(1), 118(2)–(3)}}

Tanzania is a party to the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/african%20states/Pages/african%20states.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011143613/http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/african%20states/Pages/african%20states.aspx|url-status=dead|title=African States, State Parties to the Rome Statute, International Criminal Court. Retrieved 21 October 2014|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

===Law enforcement===
{{main|Law enforcement in Tanzania}}
Public safety and border control is the responsibility of the Tanzania Police Force. Oversight of the force is shared by the Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Police and the Inspector-General of Police.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170416/https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |archive-date=2 February 2023 |title=Tanzania – Tanzania Police Force |publisher=African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

===Zanzibar===
[[File:Spice Islands (Zanzibar highlighted) sv.svg|thumb|left|The semi-autonomous [[Zanzibar Archipelago]]]]

The legislative authority in Zanzibar over all non-union matters is vested in the [[House of Representatives (Zanzibar)|House of Representatives]] (per the Tanzania constitution)<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 106(3)}} or the Legislative Council (per the Zanzibar constitution).

The Legislative Council has two parts: the president of Zanzibar and the House of Representatives.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 107(1)-(2)}}<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 63(1)}} The president is Zanzibar's head of government and the chairman of the Revolutionary Council, in which the executive authority of Zanzibar is invested.<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§§ 5A(2), 26(1)}} Zanzibar has two vice-presidents, with the first being from the main opposition party in the house.<ref name="Eisa">{{cite web |url=https://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zanzibar-constitution |title=Zanzibar: Constitution |publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa |access-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225003002/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zanzibar-constitution |archive-date=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Troubled">{{cite book |first=Markku |last=Suksi |title=Sub-State Governance through Territorial Autonomy: A Comparative Study in Constitutional Law of Powers, Procedures and Institutions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7UUkiwi_9cC&pg=PA467 |date= 2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-20048-9 |page=467}}</ref> The second is from the party in power and is the leader of government business in the House.<ref name="Troubled"/>

The president and the members of the House of Representatives have five-year terms and can be elected for a second term.<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 28(2)}}

The president selects ministers from members of the House of Representatives,<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 42(2)}} with the ministers allocated according to the number of House seats won by political parties.<ref name="Eisa"/> The Revolutionary Council consists of the president, both vice-presidents, all ministers, the [[attorney general]] of Zanzibar, and other house members deemed fit by the president.<ref name="Eisa"/>

The House of Representatives is composed of elected members, ten members appointed by the president, all the regional commissioners of Zanzibar, the attorney general, and appointed female members whose number must be equal to 30 per cent of the elected members.<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§§ 55(3), 64, 67(1)}} The House determines the number of its elected members<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110904235537/http://zltb.go.tz/docs/Zanzibar-Constitution-1984.pdf The Constitution of Zanzibar]. zltb.go.tz. 2006.</ref>{{rp|§ 120(2)}} with the Zanzibar Electoral Commission determining the boundaries of each election constituency.<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 120(1)}} In 2013, the House had 81 members: fifty elected members, five regional commissioners, the attorney general, ten members appointed by the president, and fifteen appointed female members.<ref name="Edge">{{cite web |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/tanzania/government |title=Tanzania: Government |publisher=Broad College of Business, Michigan State University |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

===Administrative subdivisions===
{{Main|Regions of Tanzania|Districts of Tanzania|Subdivisions of Tanzania}}
[[File:Tanzania, administrative divisions - de - colored (+details).svg|thumb|Regions of Tanzania]]
In 1972, local government on the mainland was abolished and replaced with direct rule from the central government. Local government, however, was reintroduced in the beginning of the 1980s, when the rural councils and rural authorities were re-established. Local government elections took place in 1983, and functioning councils started in 1984. In 1999, a Local Government Reform Programme was enacted by the [[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]], setting "a comprehensive and ambitious agenda ... [covering] four areas: political decentralization, financial decentralization, administrative decentralization and changed central-local relations, with the mainland government having overriding powers within the framework of the Constitution."<ref name="Kunnat">{{cite web|url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5nCY6QHaV/kuntajarjestelma_tansania_.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418081535/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5nCY6QHaV/kuntajarjestelma_tansania_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2013|title= Local government system in tanzania|date=31 May 2006}}</ref>

Tanzania is divided into thirty-one [[Regions of Tanzania|regions]] (''mikoa''),<ref>{{cite news |last=Kilyinga |first=Nasongelya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507100264.html |title=Enter Songwe Region as Six Districts Created |date=10 July 2015 |newspaper=[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]] |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mwakyusa |first=Alvar |url=http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/46650-songwe-is-new-region-with-four-districts |title=Songwe is new region – with four districts |date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205094519/http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/46650-songwe-is-new-region-with-four-districts |archive-date=5 February 2016 |newspaper=Daily News |access-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> twenty-six on the mainland and five in [[Zanzibar]] (three on [[Unguja]], two on [[Pemba, Tanzania|Pemba]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130527015837/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/regionsf.html Regions]. tanzania.go.tz</ref> The thirty-one regions are divided into 195 [[Districts of Tanzania|districts]] (''wilaya''), also known as local government authorities. Of those districts, 45 are urban units, which are further classified as three city councils ([[Arusha]], [[Mbeya]], and [[Mwanza]]), twenty municipal councils, and twenty-two town councils.<ref name="Census 2012">{{cite web |title=Administrative Units: Population Distribution Report |url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Census2022/Administrative_units_Population_Distribution_Report_Tanzania_volume1a.pdf |accessdate=2 August 2024 |website=National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

The urban units have an autonomous city, municipal, or town council and are subdivided into wards and sub-wards (''mitaa)''. The non-urban units have an autonomous district council but are subdivided into village councils or township authorities (first level) and then into hamlets (''vitongoji)''.<ref name="Kunnat"/>

The city of Dar es Salaam is unique because it has a city council whose area of jurisdiction overlaps three municipal councils. The mayor of the city council is elected by that council. The twenty-member city council is composed of eleven persons elected by the municipal councils, seven members of the National Assembly, and "Nominated members of parliament under 'Special Seats' for women". Each municipal council also has a mayor. "The City Council performs a coordinating role and attends to issues cutting across the three municipalities", including security and emergency services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcc.go.tz/about-us/city-status.html |title=City Status |publisher=Dar Es Salaam City Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122230207/http://www.dcc.go.tz/about-us/city-status.html |archive-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/6-1999.pdf |title=Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act, 1982, amended 1999 |at=7A and 69A |publisher=Parliamentary On-line Information System |year=1999 |access-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022045450/http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/6-1999.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> The city of Mwanza has a city council whose areal jurisdiction overlaps two municipal councils.

===Foreign policies and partnerships===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Tanzania}}
[[File:Embassy of Tanzania, Washington, D.C.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Embassy of Tanzania, Washington, D.C.|Tanzanian Embassy]] in [[West End (Washington, D.C.)|West End, Washington, D.C.]]]]

Foreign policies of Tanzania are in process of review to replace the current New Foreign Policy of 2001, which was the first official foreign policy of Tanzania.<ref name="FaMinistry_NFP2">{{Cite report |url=https://www.foreign.go.tz/index.php/resources/view/nje-bulletin-april-2021 |title=Tanzania, kufanya mageuzi ya Kidiplomasia |last1=Buhohela |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Bulu |first2=Sheiba |date=2021-04-01 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation]] |issue=1 |location=[[Dodoma|Dodoma, Tanzania]] |language=sw |access-date=2022-06-21 |trans-title=In Tanzania, to carry out Diplomatic reforms}}</ref><ref name="Citizen_22">{{Cite news |last=Kanyabwoya |first=Damas |date=13 January 2022 |title=Tanzania's key focus areas in the new Foreign Policy. |language=English |work=The Citizen |location=[[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=wikipedia&id=GALE |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> Before 2001, Tanzanian foreign policy was dictated by the various presidential declarations of [[Julius Nyerere]], specifically Circular No. 2 of 1964,<ref name="FaMinistry_about">{{Cite web |title=ABOUT THE MINISTRY |url=https://www.foreign.go.tz/index.php/about/about-the-ministry |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |location=[[Dodoma|Dodoma, Tanzania]] |language=en, sw}}</ref> the [[Arusha Declaration]],<ref name="Nyerere_67ad">{{Cite book |last=Nyerere |first=Julius K |url=https://library.fes.de/fulltext/bibliothek/2-tanzania-s0019634.pdf |title=The Arusha Declaration and Tanu's policy on socialism and self-reliance |date=1967 |publisher=[[Tanganyika African National Union|TANU, Publicity Section]] |edition=1 |location=[[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |language=en |chapter=The Policy of Self-Reliance |author-link=Julius Nyerere |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> and Policy of Foreign Affairs of 1967.<ref name="Nyerere_67fa">{{Cite speech |last=Nyerere |first=Julius K. |author-link=Julius Nyerere |event=Tanganyika African National Union National Conference |location=Dar es Salaam |date=1967-10-16 |title=Tanzania policy on foreign affairs |type=Presidential Address |publisher=Ministry of Information and Tourism |url=https://www.juliusnyerere.org/uploads/tanzania_policy_on_foreign_affairs_1967.pdf}}</ref> These declarations had focused foreign policy primarily on independence and sovereignty, human rights, and African unity.<ref name="Nzomo_99">{{Cite book |last=Nzomo |first=Maria |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-10/foreign-policy-tanzania-cold-war-post%E2%80%93cold-war-maria-nzomo |title=African Foreign Policies |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-50252-1 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |location=[[New York, NY]] |pages=184–187 |chapter=The Foreign Policy of Tanzania: From Cold War to Post–Cold War|doi=10.4324/9780429502521-10|s2cid=155717453 }}</ref><ref name="Magoma_20">{{Cite thesis |last=MAGOMA |first=Suleiman Masegesa |title=The Significant role of Tanzania's diplomacy towards economic development |date=2020-02-22 |degree=Public Policy |publisher=[[KDI School of Public Policy and Management]] |url=https://archives.kdischool.ac.kr/handle/11125/34174 |place=[[Sejong City|Sejong City, South Korea]] |language=en}}</ref> The current New Foreign Policy of 2001 was established to better address the end of colonialism and the [[Cold War]], globalization, market economics and liberalization, and the multi-party state of Tanzania. Its primary focus is economic diplomacy and development.<ref name="FaMinistry_FP">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Foreign Policy the Case of Economic Diplomacy |url=https://www.foreign.go.tz/index.php/about/tanzania-foreign-policy-the-case-of-economic-diplomacy |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |location=[[Dodoma|Dodoma, Tanzania]] |language=en, sw}}</ref>

New Foreign Policy of 2001, which is still used today, has a foundation of seven principles; [[sovereignty]], [[liberalism]], [[good neighborliness]], [[Pan-Africanism|African unity]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]], [[economic diplomacy]], and [[International development|global cooperation]] for economic development and peace.<ref name="FaMinistry_NFP">{{Cite act |year=2001 |type=Foreign Policy |legislature=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |title=The New Foreign Policy |language=en |url=https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/qpr/new_foreign_policy_-_2001.pdf}}</ref> The primary objectives are outlined as the protection and promotion of cultural and economic interests, establishment of relations with other nations driven by economic interest, economic self-sufficiency, internal and global peace, and regional political and economic integration.<ref name="FaMinistry_FP" /><ref name="FaMinistry_NFP" />

A review of current foreign policy is being undertaken by the sixth phase government to replace the current New Foreign Policy of 2001.<ref name="FaMinistry_NFP2" /> Foreign Affairs Minister [[Liberata Mulamula]] has stated the new policies will maintain the priority of and non-alignment of the 2001 policy while making additional top priorities the climate change and refocusing economic diplomacy with a greater focus on value-added exports and the digital economy.<ref name="Citizen_22" />

==== International partnerships ====
[[File:ictr office 3.jpg|thumb|[[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] in [[Arusha]]]]
[[File:East African Legislative Assembly.jpg|thumb|[[East African Legislative Assembly]] in Arusha]]

Tanzania is a member of many international organizations such as the [[United Nations|United Nations (UN)]], [[African Union|African Union (AU)]], [[East African Community|East African Community (EAC)]], and [[Southern African Development Community|Southern African Development Community (SADC)]] among many others.<ref name="Hirschler_19">{{Cite book |last1=Hirschler |first1=Kurt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncCnDwAAQBAJ |title=A decade of Tanzania: politics, economy and society 2005-2017 |last2=Hofmeier |first2=Rolf |date=2019 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-40786-2 |location=[[Leiden|Leiden, Netherlands]], [[Boston]] |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, due to the strength of Tanzania's non-alignment, unity and internal peace since independence, Tanzania frequently acts as a mediator and location of treaties and agreements between other nations, such as the [[Arusha Agreement]] with Europe, as well as the Arusha Accords with [[Arusha Accords (Rwanda)|Rwanda (1993)]] and [[Arusha Accords (Burundi)|Burundi (2000)]].<ref name="Chachage_04">{{Cite journal |last=Chachage |first=Chambi S. |date=2004 |title=Nyerere: Nationalism and Post-Colonial Developmentalism |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24487453 |journal=[[African Sociological Review]] |language=en |location=[[Dakar, Senegal]] |publisher=[[CODESRIA]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=158–179 |jstor=24487453 |issn=1027-4332 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Waters_06">{{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Tony |date=2006 |title=Markets and Morality: American Relations with Tanzania |url=https://asq.africa.ufl.edu/files/Waters-Vol8Issue3.pdf |journal=[[African Studies Quarterly]] |language=en |location=[[Gainesville, Florida]] |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=46–53 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804103025/http://asq.africa.ufl.edu/files/Waters-Vol8Issue3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The United Nations has a large current and historical presence in Tanzania and acts as an important partner in itself, and associated IGOs and NGOs, in many functions in the country, as well as functions based in Tanzania and implemented throughout the Great Lakes and Africa as a whole.<ref name="UN_tz">{{Cite web |title=The United Nations in Tanzania |url=https://tanzania.un.org/en/about/about-the-un |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Of the many functions, the UN and Tanzania partner or the UN works with outside countries, most notably human rights and justice courts and reporting, education, development, climate change, health, and wildlife conservation.<ref name="UN_tzEntities">{{Cite web |title=UN Entities in Tanzania |url=https://tanzania.un.org/en/about/un-entities-in-country |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> While the UN primary offices are in [[Oyster Bay, Tanzania|Oysterbay, Dar es Salaam]], many other offices, courts, and NGOs are based in [[Arusha|Arusha, TZ]]. The most well-known example is the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] genocide.<ref name="UN_SRES9771995">{{UN document |docid=S-RES-977(1995) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=1995 |resolution_number=977 |access-date=2008-07-23|date=22 February 1995}}</ref>

The African Union consists of 55 nations in Africa.<ref name="AU_memStates">{{Cite web |title=Member States |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=African Union |language=en}}</ref> Tanzania is a founding member of the AU in 2001, and its predecessor the [[Organisation of African Unity|Organisation of African Unity (OAU)]] by the predecessors of Tanzania, [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] and [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]], in 1963. The Judicial Branch of the AU and its courts are located in Tanzania.<ref name="AU_tzAgreement">{{Cite act |date=31 August 2007 |type=HOST AGREEMENT |legislature=[[African Union]] |title=Host Agreement Between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the African Union on the Seat of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Right |language=en |article-type=Agreement |access-date=22 June 2022 |url=https://www.african-court.org/wpafc/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/3-HOST-AGREEMENT-TANZANIA-AND-AU.pdf}}</ref> Originally the [[Court of Justice of the African Union]], it has been combined with the [[African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights]] to form the [[African Court of Justice and Human Rights|African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR)]] which is located in Arusha.<ref name="AU_tzAgreement" /> Tanzania ratified and joined the AU-brokered [[African Continental Free Trade Area|African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)]] on 17 January 2022, the largest free trade area in the world.<ref name="Agarwal_22">{{Cite report |url=https://odi.org/en/publications/tanzania-and-the-african-continental-free-trade-area-possible-impacts-policy-priorities-and-scoping-of-future-support/ |title=Tanzania and the African Continental Free Trade Area: possible impacts, policy priorities and scoping of future support |last1=Agarwal |first1=Prachi |last2=Kweka |first2=Josaphat |date=2022-03-11 |publisher=[[Overseas Development Institute]], [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] |location=[[London, UK]] |publication-date=2022-03-11 |language=en |last3=Willem te Velde |first3=Dirk |access-date=2022-06-22 |type=Briefing, policy papers}}</ref>

The East African Community consisting of Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is headquartered in Arusha.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17">{{Cite book |url=https://brill.com/view/title/33464 |title=East African Community Law: Institutional, Substantive and Comparative EU Aspects |date=2017 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Nijhoff]] |isbn=978-90-04-32207-3 |editor-last=Ugirashebuja |editor-first=Emmanuel |location=[[Leiden|Leiden, Netherlands]], [[Boston]] |language=en |editor-last2=Ruhangisa |editor-first2=John Eudes |editor-last3=Ottervanger |editor-first3=Tom |editor-last4=Cuyvers |editor-first4=Armin}}</ref><ref name="EAC_overview">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=East African Community |language=en}}</ref> Tanzania, along with Kenya and Uganda, is a founding member of the EAC in 2000.<ref name="EAC_history">{{Cite web |title=History of the EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-history#:~:text=The%20Treaty%20for%20the%20Establishment,all%20the%20three%20Partner%20States. |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=East African Community |language=en}}</ref> Following the German defeat in [[World War I]] Tanzania joined the London-based [[East African Currency Board|East African Currency Board (EACB)]] that was a customs union and provider of currency for Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya from 1919 to 1948, the [[East Africa High Commission|East Africa High Commission (EAHC)]] from 1948 to 1961, and East African Common Services Organization (EACSO) from 1961 to 1966. In 1966 all three countries formed the first East African Community which lasted until 1976, then the East African Co-operation from 1993 to 2000, before becoming reestablished as the East African Community in 2000.<ref name="EAC_history" /><ref name="Kadaga_22">{{Cite speech |last=Kadaga |first=Rebecca |author-link=Rebecca Kadaga |event=Ministry of East African Community Affairs |location=Makerere University |date=2022-06-16 |access-date=2022-06-21 |title=The Strategic need for EAC Integration |type=Keynote Address |pages=1, 3, 6-9 |language=en |url=https://www.mediacentre.go.ug/media/address-rt-hon-rebecca-kadaga-1st-deputy-prime-ministerminister-makerere-university}}</ref>

The EAC has had a [[customs union]] since 2005, with a free trade zone between member states and unified tariffs and trade agreements with non-member states and multinational organizations.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17" /> The customs union also established a unified organization and sets of rules, such as [[rules of origin]], for all trade within, into, and passing through member states. In 2010 a common market was established within the EAC for the free movement of labor, goods, people, capital, and services, as well as established rights of establishment.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17" /> The East African Monetary Union (EAMU) is proposed to be established in 2024 that will create a single common currency by the East African Central Bank.<ref name="Adam_17">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MDXDQAAQBAJ |title=Tanzania: the path to prosperity |date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-870481-2 |editor-last=Adam |editor-first=Christopher |location=[[Oxford, UK]]; [[New York, NY]] |language=en |editor-last2=Collier |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last3=Ndulu |editor-first3=B. J.}}</ref> From the original reestablishment of the EAC, as laid out in Article 5(2) of the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, the final goal for the EAC is always the political federation of all member states. In 2017 all member states adopted the [[confederation]] of EAC as a transitional precursor to the final federation.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17" /><ref name="Kadaga_22" />

The Southern African Development Community consists of 16 nations, including all countries of southern Africa plus Tanzania and the DRC from the Great Lakes.<ref name="Muntschick_17">{{Cite book |last=Muntschick |first=Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDE5DwAAQBAJ |title=The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU): Regionalism and External Influence |date=2017-10-09 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-319-45330-9 |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |language=en |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> Tanzania is a founding member of SADC in 1994, as well as its predecessor the [[Frontline States|Frontline States (FLS)]], from 1960 to 1994. While FLS aimed to end apartheid, its successor SADC has the aims of furthering peace and security along with the economic and political integration of member states.<ref name="Muntschick_17" />

===Military===
[[File:FIB-training-22 (9311333487).jpg|thumb|FIB Tanzanian special forces during training]]
{{Main|Tanzania People's Defence Force}}
The [[Tanzania People's Defence Force]] (TPDF) (Kiswahili: Jeshi la Wananchi wa Tanzania (JWTZ)) is the armed forces of Tanzania, operating as a people's force under civilian control. It is composed of five branches or commands: Land Force (army), Air Force, Naval Command, National Service, Headquarter (MMJ).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tpdf.mil.tz/ |title=Mwanzo-Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania |publisher=Tpdf.mil.tz |date= |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref> Tanzanian citizens are able to volunteer for military service from 15 years of age, and 18 years of age for compulsory National military service upon graduation from advanced secondary school. Conscript service obligation was 2 years as of 2004.{{Update inline|date=October 2021}}

Tanzania is the 65th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>

===Human rights===
{{Main|Human rights in Tanzania|Persecution of people with albinism|LGBT rights in Tanzania}}

Throughout Tanzania, [[LGBT rights by country or territory|same sex acts]] are illegal and carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=https://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |work=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]] |date=17 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135034/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to a 2007 [[Pew Research Centre]] survey, 95 percent of Tanzanians believed that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf|title=Pew Global Attitudes Project|pages=35, 84, and 117|publisher=Pew Research Centre|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214225525/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf|archive-date=14 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

People with [[Albinism in humans|albinism]] living in Tanzania are often attacked, killed or mutilated because of superstitions related to the black-magical practice known as [[muti]] that say body parts of albinos have magical properties.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31849531 Tanzania albino murders: 'More than 200 witchdoctors' arrested]". BBC News. 12 March 2015.</ref> Tanzania has the highest occurrence of this human rights violation among 27 African countries where [[muti]] is known to be practised.<ref>Charlotte Baker (22 September 2017) [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/witchcraft-albino-trade-body-part-human-rights-un-sub-saharan-african-a7958946.html "The trade in body parts of people with albinism is driven by myths and international inaction"]. ''The Independent''</ref>

In December 2019, [[Amnesty International]] reported that the Tanzanian government annulled the right of NGOs as well as individuals to directly file any case against it at the Arusha-based African Court for Human and Peoples' Rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/12/tanzania-withdrawal-of-individual-rights-to-african-court-will-deepen-repression/|title= Tanzania: Withdrawal of individual rights to African Court will deepen repression|date= 2 December 2019|access-date=2 December 2019|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref>