Editing Tagalog language (section)

==Phonology==
{{Main|Tagalog phonology}}
{{IPA notice}}
Tagalog has 21 [[phoneme]]s: 16 are [[consonant]]s and 5 are [[vowel]]s. Native Tagalog words follow CV(C) [[syllable]] structure, though more complex consonant clusters are permitted in loanwords.<ref name="Himmelmann 2011 351–352">{{cite book | last  = Himmelmann | first = Nikolaus P. | author-link = Nikolaus P. Himmelmann | chapter = Tagalog | pages = 351–352 | editor-last  = Adelaar | editor-first = Alexander | editor2-last  = Himmelmann | editor2-first = Nikolaus P. | title  = The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | publication-date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-68153-7}}</ref><ref name="Rubino 2002 351–352">{{cite book | last  = Rubino | first = Carl R. Galvez | pages = 351–352 | title  = Tagalog-English, English-Tagalog Dictionary | year = 2002 | publisher = Hippocrene Books, Inc. | publication-date = 2002 | isbn = 0-7818-0961-4}}</ref><ref name="Guzman 2001 704">{{cite book | last  = Guzman | first = Videa | chapter = Tagalog | pages = 704 | editor-last  = Garry | editor-first = Jane | editor2-last  = Rubino | editor2-first = Carl | title  = Facts about the world's languages : an encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present | year = 2001 | publisher = New England Publishing Associates | publication-date = 2001 | isbn = 0-8242-0970-2}}</ref><ref name="Quilis 1985 241–243">{{cite book | last  = Quilis | first = Antonio | chapter = A Comparison of the Phonemic Systems of Spanish and Tagalog | pages = 241–243 | editor-last  = Jankowsky | editor-first = Kurt R. | title  = Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language: Festschrift for Robert Lado | year = 1985 | publisher = Benjamins | publication-date = 1985 | isbn = 90-272-2013-1}}</ref><ref name="Tagalog Reference Grammar">{{cite book | last1  = Schachter | first1 = Paul | last2 = Otanes | first2 = Fe T. | pages = 6 | title  = Tagalog Reference Grammar | year = 1972 | publisher = University of California Press | publication-date = 1972 | isbn = 0-520-01776-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last  = Zamar | first = Sheila | author-link =  Sheila Zamar | chapter = Phonology and Spelling | pages = 3–5 | title  = Filipino: An Essential Grammar | date = October 31, 2022 | publisher = Routledge | publication-date = 2023 | isbn = 978-1-138-82628-1}}</ref>

===Vowels===
Tagalog has five vowels and four diphthongs.<ref name="Himmelmann 2011 351–352"/><ref name="Rubino 2002 351–352"/><ref name="Guzman 2001 704"/><ref name="Quilis 1985 241–243"/><ref name="Tagalog Reference Grammar"/> Tagalog originally had three vowel phonemes, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}}. Tagalog is now considered to have five vowel phonemes following the introduction of two marginal phonemes from Spanish, /o/ and /e/.

{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''Table of the five general Tagalog vowel phonemes'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| {{IPA link|o̞}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|}
* {{IPA|/a/}} an [[open central unrounded vowel]] roughly similar to English "f'''a'''ther"; in the middle of a word, a [[near-open central vowel]] similar to Received Pronunciation "c'''u'''p"; or an [[open front unrounded vowel]] similar to Received Pronunciation or California English "h'''a'''t"
* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} an [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] similar to General American English "b'''e'''d"
* {{IPA|/i/}} a [[close front unrounded vowel]] similar to English "mach'''i'''ne"
* {{IPA|/o̞/}} a [[mid back rounded vowel]] similar to General American English "s'''o'''ul" or Philippine English "f'''o'''rty"
* {{IPA|/u/}} a [[close back rounded vowel]] similar to English "fl'''u'''te"

Nevertheless, simplification of pairs {{IPA|[o ~ u]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ ~ i]}} is likely to take place, especially in some Tagalog as second language, remote location and working class registers.

The four [[diphthong]]s are {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/uj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}}, and {{IPA|/iw/}}. Long vowels are not written apart from pedagogical texts, where an acute accent is used: ''á é í ó ú.''<ref name="ELL">{{ELL2|Tagalog}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''Table of all possible realizations of Tagalog vowels'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| '''{{IPA link|i}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| '''{{IPA link|u}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʊ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e/i}}
|
| {{IPA link|o}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o/u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ̝}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| '''{{IPA link|o̞}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| '''{{IPA link|ɛ}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɐ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|a}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
| '''{{IPA link|ä}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|}

The table above shows all the possible realizations for each of the five vowel sounds depending on the speaker's origin or proficiency. The five general vowels are in '''bold'''.

===Consonants===
Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The [[velar nasal]] occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Loanword variants using these phonemes are italicized inside the angle brackets.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|+Tagalog consonant phonemes<ref name=ELL/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moran |first1=Steven |last2=McCloy |first2=Daniel |last3=Wright |first3=Richard |date=2012 |title=Revisiting population size vs. phoneme inventory size |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0087 |journal=Language |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=877–893 |doi=10.1353/lan.2012.0087 |hdl=1773/25269 |s2cid=145423518 |issn=1535-0665 |hdl-access=free |access-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427092646/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/492552 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |
! <small>[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]</small>
! <small>[[Alveolar consonant|Alv.]]</small>/<small>[[Dental consonant|Dental]]</small>
! <small>[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/</small><br><small>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]</small>
! <small>[[Velar consonant|Velar]]</small>
! <small>[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small>
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{anglebracket|ng}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]</small>
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | <small>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small>
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
| ({{IPA link|ts}})
| ({{IPA link|tʃ}}) {{anglebracket|ts, tiy, ty}} 
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
| ({{IPA link|dz}})
| ({{IPA link|dʒ}}) {{anglebracket|dz, diy, dy}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|({{IPA link|ʃ}}) {{anglebracket|siy, sy, ''sh''}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}} {{anglebracket|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}} {{anglebracket|y}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{anglebracket|r}}
|
|
|
|}
*{{IPA|/k/}} between vowels has a tendency to become {{IPA|[x]}} as in ''loch'', German ''Bach'', whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become {{IPA|[kx]}}, especially in the Manila dialect.
*Intervocalic {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} tend to become {{IPA|[ɰ]}}, as in Spanish ''agua'', especially in the Manila dialect.
*{{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} were once allophones, and they still vary grammatically, with initial {{IPA|/d/}} becoming intervocalic {{IPA|/ɾ/}} in many words.<ref name=ELL/>
*A glottal stop that occurs in [[pausa]] (before a pause) is omitted when it is in the middle of a phrase,<ref name=ELL/> especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
*The {{IPA|/ɾ/}} phoneme is an alveolar rhotic that has a free variation between a trill, a flap and an approximant ({{IPA|[r~ɾ~ɹ]}}).
*The {{IPA|/dʒ/}} phoneme may become a consonant cluster {{IPA|[dd͡ʒ]}} in between vowels such as ''sadyâ'' {{IPA|[sɐdˈd͡ʒäʔ]}}.

Glottal stop is not indicated.<ref name="ELL" /> Glottal stops are most likely to occur when:
*the word starts with a vowel, like '''''a'''so'' (dog)
*the word includes a dash followed by a vowel, like ''mag-'''a'''ral'' (study)
*the word has two vowels next to each other, like ''pa'''a'''no'' (how)
*the word starts with a prefix followed by a verb that starts with a vowel, like ''mag-aayos'' ([will] fix)

===Stress and final glottal stop===
[[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] is a [[distinctive feature]] in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the final or the penultimate syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word.

Tagalog words are often distinguished from one another by the position of the stress or the presence of a final glottal stop. In formal or academic settings, stress placement and the glottal stop are indicated by a [[diacritic]] (''tuldík'') above the final vowel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Himmelmann |first=Nikolaus |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Adelaar |editor-first=K. Alexander |location=London |pages=350–376 |chapter=Tagalog |editor-last2=Himmelmann |editor-first2=Nikolaus}}</ref> The penultimate primary stress position (''malumay'') is the default stress type and so is left unwritten except in dictionaries.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Phonetic comparison of Tagalog homographs based on stress and final glottal stop
|-
! Common spelling
! Stressed non-ultimate syllable<br/>no diacritic
! Stressed ultimate syllable<br/>acute accent (´)
! Unstressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop<br/>grave accent (`)
! Stressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop<br/>circumflex accent (^)
|-
! baba
| {{IPA|[ˈbaba]}} ''baba'' ('father')
| {{IPA|[baˈba]}} ''babá'' ('piggy back')
| {{IPA|[ˈbabaʔ]}} ''babà'' ('chin')
| {{IPA|[bɐˈbaʔ]}} ''babâ'' ('descend [imperative]')
|-
! baka
| {{IPA|[ˈbaka]}} ''baka'' ('cow')
| {{IPA|[bɐˈka]}} ''baká'' ('possible')
|
|
|-
! bata
| {{IPA|[ˈbata]}} ''bata'' ('bath robe')
| {{IPA|[bɐˈta]}} ''batá'' ('persevere')
| {{IPA|[ˈbataʔ]}} ''batà'' ('child')
|
|-
! bayaran
| {{IPA|[bɐˈjaran]}} ''bayaran'' ('pay [imperative]')
| {{IPA|[bɐjɐˈran]}} ''bayarán'' ('for hire')
|
|
|-
! labi
|
|
| {{IPA|[ˈlabɛʔ]}}/{{IPA|[ˈlabiʔ]}} ''labì'' ('lips')
| {{IPA|[lɐˈbɛʔ]}}/{{IPA|[lɐˈbiʔ]}} ''labî'' ('remains')
|-
! pito
| {{IPA|[ˈpito]}} ''pito'' ('whistle')
| {{IPA|[pɪˈto]}} ''pitó'' ('seven')
|
|
|-
! sala
| {{IPA|[ˈsala]}} ''sala'' ('living room')
| {{IPA|[saˈla]}} ''salá'' ('interweaving [of bamboo slats]')
| {{IPA|[ˈsalaʔ]}} ''salà'' ('sin')
| {{IPA|[sɐˈlaʔ]}} ''salâ'' ('filtered')
|}