Editing Syndicalism (section)

=== Before World War I ===
<!-- Information on struggles syndicalists were involved in:
-France: ...
-Australia:...
-New Zealand: 1912 Waihi miners' strike, 1913 Great Strike
-Netherlands: 1903 railway and general strike (Gerber, 36ff, also check: Hansen/Prosper, Wedman)

Also check Darlington: Syndicalism and Strikes, Leadership. -->
Syndicalists were involved in a number of strikes, labor disputes, and other struggles. In the United States, the IWW was involved in at least 150 strikes including the [[Goldfield, Nevada, labor troubles of 1906–1907]] by miners' strikes, the [[Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909]], the [[1912 Lawrence textile strike]], the [[Brotherhood of Timber Workers]]' strikes in Louisiana and Arkansas in 1912–1913, and the [[1913 Paterson silk strike]]. The most prominent was the struggle in Lawrence. Wobblie leaders brought together 23,000 mostly immigrant workers, many of whom did not speak English. They arranged for workers' children to be sent to live with sympathetic families outside of Lawrence for the duration of the strike so their parents could focus on the struggle. Unlike most IWW-led strikes, the struggle was successful.{{Sfnm|1a1=Darlington|1y=2008|1pp=62–63, 86–87|2a1=Dubofsky|2y=1969|2pp=120–125, 202–208, 210–220, 227–283}}<!-- To-do: Read up details on Southern timber strikes --> In Mexico, syndicalism first emerged in 1906 during the violent [[Cananea strike]] by miners and the even more violent [[Río Blanco strike]] by textile workers. In 1912, during the [[Mexican Revolution]] of 1910–1920, anarchists formed the syndicalist union [[House of the World Worker]] ({{lang|es|Casa del Obrero Mundial}}). It led a series of successful strikes in 1913 in Mexico City and central Mexico. After the [[Constitutionalist Army]] occupied the capital in 1914, syndicalists allied with the government it established to defeat rural forces such as the [[Liberation Army of the South|Zapatistas]] and therefore received government support. Once those forces had been suppressed, this alliance broke apart and the {{lang|es|Casa}} campaigned for [[workers' control]] of factories and the [[nationalization]] of foreign capital. It contributed to a rise in labor unrest that began in mid-1915. It led general strikes [[May 1916 Mexico general strike|in May]] and [[July–August Mexico general strike|in July–August]] 1916 in greater Mexico City. The latter was quelled by the army, marking the defeat of the {{lang|es|Casa}}, which was also suppressed.{{Sfn|Hart|1990|pp=188–199}}

In Portugal, the [[5 October 1910 revolution]] that led to the deposition of the king was followed by a strike wave throughout the country. After the police occupied the offices of an agricultural union, syndicalists called for a general strike. During the strike, Lisbon was controlled by workers and there were armed uprisings in several other cities. In 1912, the strike wave ebbed off.{{Sfn|Bayerlein|van der Linden|1990|pp=157–158}} <!-- The Spanish CNT, shortly after its first congress, participated in the [[1911 Spanish general strike]]. It was accused of having instigated the strike but is unclear to what extent it was responsible. In any case, the CNT was banned by the state for its role.{{Sfn|Bar|1990|p=122}} --> Italian syndicalists successfully organized agricultural workers in the [[Po Valley]] by uniting different parts of agricultural working class. They were most successful in areas where the reformist union [[Federterra]] had been thwarted by employers. Syndicalists led large strikes by farm workers in Parma and Ferrara in 1907–1908; these strikes failed as a result of employers' strikebreaking tactics and infighting among workers. In 1911–1913, syndicalists played an important role in a large strike wave in Italy's industrial centers. The syndicalist union confederation USI was formed in 1912 by veterans of both strike movements.{{Sfn|Levy|2000|pp=217–219}}

British Wobblies were involved in two major strikes in Scotland, one at [[Argyll Motor Works]] and the second at a [[Singer Corporation]]'s sewing machine factory in [[Clydebank]]. In 1906, several industrial unionists began to spread their ideas and organize workers at Singer's. The organized the [[1911 strike at Singer]] after a woman was fired for not working hard enough. The strike was cleverly defeated by management and most activists lost their jobs.{{Sfn|Challinor|1977|p=xxx}} The ISEL leader Tom Mann was also at the center of several labor disputes during the Great Labour Unrest, including the [[1911 Liverpool general transport strike]] where he chaired the strike committee.{{Sfn|Darlington|2013|p=42}} In Ireland, Larkin and the ITGWU led 20,000 during the 1913 [[Dublin lockout]]. After the ITGWU attempted to unionize the [[Dublin United Tramway Company]] and tram workers went on strike, the city's employers threatened to fire any workers who did not sign a pledge to not support the ITGWU, thereby turning the dispute into a city-wide conflict in late September. Workers' resistance crumbled in January 1914.{{Sfnm|1a1=Darlington|1y=2013|1p=42|2a1=O'Connor|2y=2010|2pp=205–207}}

[[File:Congress london 1913.jpg|thumb|A session of the [[First International Syndicalist Congress]] in 1913]]
There was no international syndicalist organization prior to World War I.{{Sfn|Thorpe|1989|p=1}} In 1907, CGT activists presented the Charter of Amiens and syndicalism to an international audience a higher form of anarchism at the [[International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam]] in 1907. Discussions at the Congress led to the formation of the international syndicalist journal {{lang|fr|[[Bulletin international du mouvement syndicaliste]]}}.{{Sfnm|1a1=Thorpe|1y=2010b|1pp=32, 34|2a1=Altena|2y=2010|2p=185}} The CGT was affiliated with the [[International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centers]] (ISNTUC), which brought together reformist socialist unions. Both the Dutch NAS and the British ISEL attempted to remedy the lack of a syndicalist counterpart to ISNTUC in 1913, simultaneously publishing calls for an international syndicalist congress in 1913. The CGT rejected the invitation. Its leaders feared that leaving ISNTUC, which it intended to revolutionize from within, would split the CGT and harm working-class unity. The IWW also did not participate, as it considered itself an international in its own right.{{Sfnm|1a1=Lehning|1y=1982|1pp=77–78|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=53–54}} The [[First International Syndicalist Congress]] was held in London from 27 September to 2 October. It was attended by 38 delegates from 65 organizations in Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Cuba, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.{{refn|group=note|The CGT's absence led the ''[[New Statesman]]'' to liken the Congress "to playing ''Hamlet'' without the Prince of Denmark".{{Sfn|Thorpe|1989|p=69}}}} Discussions were contentious and did not lead to the founding of a syndicalist international. Delegates did agree on a declaration of principles describing syndicalism's core tenets. They also decided to launch an International Syndicalist Information Bureau and to hold another congress in Amsterdam. This congress did not take place due to the outbreak of World War I.{{Sfnm|1a1=Lehning|1y=1982|1pp=78–80|2a1=Thorpe|2y=1989|2pp=69, 72, 75–76, 79–80}}
<!-- Information on reformist tendencies in CGT (maybe other groups?), analysis of split in the international movement:
Darlington 2008, pp. 127-...
Thorpe 2010b, pp. 30-...
Lehning
Thorpe 1989. -->