Editing Svalbard (section)

====Post-war====
[[File:Kulltaubane.jpg|thumb|Abandoned [[aerial tramway]] previously used for transporting coal]]

After the war, Norway re-established operations at Longyearbyen and Ny-Ålesund,<ref>Torkildsen (1984): 206</ref> while the Soviet Union established mining in [[Barentsburg]], [[Pyramiden]], and [[Grumant]].<ref name=t202>Torkildsen (1984): 202</ref> The mine at Ny-Ålesund had several fatal accidents, killing 71 people while it was in operation from 1945 to 1954 and from 1960 to 1963. The [[Kings Bay Affair]], caused by the 1962 accident killing 21 workers, forced [[Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet]] to resign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caplex.no/Web/ArticleView.aspx?id=9318238|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103103405/http://www.caplex.no/Web/ArticleView.aspx?id=9318238|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2006|title=Kings Bay|language=no|access-date=24 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caplex.no/Web/ArticleView.aspx?id=9318239|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109115607/http://www.caplex.no/Web/ArticleView.aspx?id=9318239|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2006|title=Kings Bay-saken|language=no|access-date=24 March 2010}}</ref>

From 1964, Ny-Ålesund became a research outpost, and a facility for the [[European Space Research Organisation]].<ref>Arlov (1996): 412</ref> Petroleum test drilling was started in 1963 and continued until 1984, but no commercially viable fields were found.<ref>Torkildsen (1984): 261</ref> From 1960, regular charter flights were made from the mainland to a field at [[Hotellneset]];<ref>Tjomsland and Wilsberg (1995): 163</ref> in 1975, Svalbard Airport, Longyearbyen opened, allowing year-round services.<ref>Tjomsland and Wilsberg (1995): 162–164</ref>

During the [[Cold War]], the Soviet Union supplied about two-thirds of the population on the islands (Norwegians making up the remaining third) with the population of the archipelago slightly under 4,000.<ref name=t202 /> Russian activity has diminished considerably since then, falling from 2,500 to 450 people from 1990 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/20/nos_svalbard_en/nos_d330_en/tab/045.html |title=Persons in settlements 1 January. 1990–2005 |website=[[Statistics Norway]] |access-date=24 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114020929/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/20/nos_svalbard_en/nos_d330_en/tab/045.html |archive-date=14 November 2011  }}</ref><ref name=demographics>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/20/nos_svalbard_en/nos_d330_en/tab/049.html |title=Non-Norwegian population in Longyearbyen, by nationality. Per 1 January. 2004 and 2005. Number of persons |website=[[Statistics Norway]] |access-date=24 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523054216/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/20/nos_svalbard_en/nos_d330_en/tab/049.html |archive-date=23 May 2010  }}</ref> Grumant was closed after it was depleted in 1962.<ref name=t202 />

Pyramiden was closed in 1998.<ref>Fløgstad (2007): 127</ref> Coal exports from Barentsburg ceased in 2006 because of a fire,<ref name=chp10 /> but resumed in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Staalesen |first=Atle |title=Russians restarted coal mining at Svalbard |work=Barents Observer |date=8 November 2010 |url=http://www.barentsobserver.com/russians-restarted-coal-mining-at-svalbard.4840198-116321.html |access-date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120015113/http://barentsobserver.com/russians-restarted-coal-mining-at-svalbard.4840198-116321.html |archive-date=20 November 2010 }}</ref> The Russians experienced two air accidents: [[Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801]] (1996), which killed 141 people,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19960829-0 |title=29 Aug 1996 |website=[[Aviation Safety Network]] |access-date=24 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417153006/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19960829-0 |archive-date=17 April 2010  }}</ref> and the [[Heerodden helicopter accident]] (2008), which killed three people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=513681 |title=- Kraftig vindkast trolig årsaken |author1=Eisenträger, Stian |author2=Per Øyvind Fange |name-list-style=amp |work=[[Verdens Gang]] |date=30 March 2008 |access-date=24 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610164323/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=513681 |archive-date=10 June 2011  }}</ref>

Longyearbyen remained purely a company town until 1989 when utilities, culture, and education was separated into Svalbard Samfunnsdrift.<ref name=ah49>Arlov and Holm (2001): 49</ref> In 1993, it was sold to the national government and the University Centre was established.<ref name=unis>{{cite web |url=http://www.unis.no/30_ABOUT_UNIS/4010_Root/intro.htm |title=Arctic science for global challenges |website=[[University Centre in Svalbard]] |access-date=24 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206141732/http://www.unis.no/30_ABOUT_UNIS/4010_Root/intro.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012  }}</ref> Through the 1990s, tourism increased and the town developed an economy independent of Store Norske and mining.<ref name=naering /> Longyearbyen was incorporated on 1 January 2002, adopting a community council.<ref name=ah49 />