Editing Sumatra (section)

== Flora and fauna ==
{{See also|List of national parks of Indonesia|List of amphibians of Sumatra}}
[[File:Sumatran tiger.jpg|thumb|[[Sumatran tiger]]]]
[[File:Rafflesia sumatra.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Rafflesia arnoldii]]'']]
Sumatra supports a wide range of vegetation types that are home to a rich variety of species, including 17 endemic genera of plants.<ref name="Whitten1999">{{Cite book |last=Whitten |first=Tony |title=The Ecology of Sumatra |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=962-593-074-4}}</ref> Unique species include the [[Sumatran pine]] which dominates the [[Sumatran tropical pine forests]] of the higher mountainsides in the north of the island and rainforest plants such as ''[[Rafflesia arnoldii]]'' (the world's largest individual flower), and the [[titan arum]] (the world's largest unbranched [[inflorescence]]).

The island is home to 201 mammal species and 580 bird species. There are nine endemic mammal species on mainland Sumatra and 14 more endemic to the nearby [[Mentawai Islands]].<ref name="Whitten1999" /> There are about 300 freshwater fish species in Sumatra.<ref>Nguyen, T. T. T., and S. S. De Silva (2006). "Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation: an asian perspective". ''Biodiversity & Conservation'' 15(11): 3543–3568</ref> There are 93 [[List of amphibians of Sumatra|amphibian species]] in Sumatra, 21 of which are endemic to Sumatra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hellen Kurniati |url=http://www.rufford.org/rsg/projects/hellen_kurniati |website=The Rufford Foundation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825105258/http://www.rufford.org/rsg/projects/hellen_kurniati |archive-date=25 August 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>

The [[Sumatran tiger]], [[Sumatran rhinoceros]], [[Sumatran elephant]], [[Sumatran ground cuckoo]], [[Sumatran orangutan]] and [[Tapanuli orangutan]] are all critically endangered, indicating the highest level of threat to their survival. In October 2008, the Indonesian government announced a plan to protect Sumatra's remaining forests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest, Wildlife Protection Pledged at World Conservation Congress |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2008/2008-10-14-01.asp |date=14 October 2008 |website=Environment News Service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603162220/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2008/2008-10-14-01.asp |archive-date=3 June 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref>

The island includes more than 10 national parks, including three which are listed as the [[Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra]] [[World Heritage Site]] – [[Gunung Leuser National Park]], [[Kerinci Seblat National Park]] and [[Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park]]. The [[Berbak National Park]] is one of three national parks in Indonesia listed as a [[wetland]] of international importance under the [[Ramsar Convention]].

Sumatra has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest since 1980. Many species are now [[critically endangered]], such as the [[Sumatran ground cuckoo]], the [[Sumatran tiger]], the [[Sumatran elephant]], the [[Sumatran rhinoceros]], and the [[Sumatran orangutan]]. [[Deforestation]] on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as the [[2013 Southeast Asian haze]] which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name=":0" /> The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an [[ecocide]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />