Editing Stuart Restoration (section)

==English colonies==
{{main|Restoration in the English colonies}}

===Caribbean===
[[Barbados#British colonial rule|Barbados]], as a haven for refugees fleeing the [[Commonwealth of England|English republic]], had held for Charles II under [[Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham|Lord Willoughby]] until defeated by [[George Ayscue]]. When news reached Barbados of the King's restoration, [[Thomas Modyford]] declared Barbados for the King in July 1660.{{sfn|Higham|1921|p=10}} The planters, however, were not eager for the return of the former governor Lord Willoughby, fearing disputes over titles, but the King ordered he be restored.{{sfn|Higham|1921|pp=12–14}}

[[Jamaica]] had been a conquest of [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s and Charles II's claim to the island was therefore questionable. However, Charles II chose not to restore Jamaica to Spain and in 1661 it became a British colony and the planters would claim that they held rights as Englishmen by the King's assumption of the dominion of Jamaica.{{sfn|Monteith|Richards|2001|pp=36–39}} The first governor was [[Thomas Windsor Hickman, 1st Earl of Plymouth|Lord Windsor]]. He was replaced in 1664 by Thomas Modyford who had been ousted from Barbados.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

===North America===
[[New England]], with its [[Puritan]] settlement, had supported the Commonwealth and [[the Protectorate]]. Acceptance of the Restoration was reluctant in some quarters as it highlighted the failure of Puritan reform.{{sfn|Bremers|1995|pp=151–153}} [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]] declared in October 1660 and [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|Massachusetts]] lastly in August 1661.{{sfn|Middleton|2002|p=111}} [[New Haven Colony|The Colony of New Haven]] provided refuge for [[Regicide#Execution of Charles I of England|Regicides]] such as [[Edward Whalley]], [[William Goffe]] and [[John Dixwell]] and would be subsequently merged into [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]] in 1662, perhaps in punishment.{{sfn|Middleton|2002|p=112}}  [[John Winthrop Jr.|John Winthrop]], a former governor of Connecticut, and one of whose sons had been a captain in [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|Monck]]'s army, went to England at the Restoration and in 1662 obtained a [[royal charter]] for Connecticut with New Haven annexed to it.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

[[Province of Maryland|Maryland]] had resisted the republic until finally occupied by New England Puritans/Parliamentary forces after the [[Battle of the Severn]] in 1655. In 1660 the Governor [[Josias Fendall]] tried to turn Maryland into a Commonwealth of its own in what is known as [[Josias Fendall#Fendall.27s Rebellion|Fendall's Rebellion]] but with the fall of the republic in England he was left without support and was replaced by [[Phillip Calvert (governor)|Philip Calvert]] upon the Restoration.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

[[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]] was the most loyal of King Charles II's dominions. It had, according to the eighteenth-century historian [[Robert Beverley Jr.]], been "the last of all the King's Dominions that submitted to the Usurpation".{{sfn|Beverley|1722|p=51}} Virginia had provided sanctuary for [[Cavaliers]] fleeing the [[Commonwealth of England|English republic]]. In 1650, Virginia was one of the Royalist colonies that became the subject of Parliament's [[An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego]]. [[William Berkeley (governor)|William Berkeley]], who had previously been governor up until 1652, was elected governor in 1660 by the [[House of Burgesses]] and he promptly declared for the King. The [[Episcopal Church (United States)#Colonial era|Anglican Church]] was restored as the [[established church]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

The Somers Isles, alias [[Bermuda]] (originally named ''Virgineola''), was originally part of Virginia, and was administered by the [[Somers Isles Company]], a spin-off of the [[Virginia Company]], until 1684. The already existing contest between the mostly Parliamentarian Adventurers (shareholders) of the company in England and the Bermudians, who had their own [[House of Assembly of Bermuda|House of Assembly]] (and many of whom were becoming landowners as they were sold the land they had previously farmed as tenants as the profitability of the tobacco farmed exclusively for the company fell), placed the Bermudians on the side of the Crown despite the large number of Puritans in the colony.

Bermudians were attempting to shift their economy from tobacco to a maritime one and were being thwarted by the company, which relied on revenue from tobacco cultivation. Bermuda was the first colony to recognise Charles II as King in 1649. It controlled its own "army" (of militia) and deposed the Company appointed Governor, electing a replacement. Its Independent Puritans were forced to emigrate, settling the Bahamas under prominent Bermudian settler, sometime Governor of Bermuda, and Parliamentary loyalist [[William Sayle]] as the [[Eleutheran Adventurers]]. Although eventually reaching a compromise with the Commonwealth, the Bermudians dispute with the company continued and was finally taken before the restored Crown, which was keen for an opportunity to re-assert its authority over the wealthy businessmen who controlled the Somers Isles Company.

The islanders' protest to the Crown initially concerned the mis-treatment of Perient Trott and his heirs (including [[Nicholas Trott]]), but expanded to include the company's wider mismanagement of the colony. This led to a lengthy court case in which the Crown championed Bermudians against the company, and resulted in the company's Royal Charter being revoked in 1684. From that point onwards the Crown assumed responsibility for appointing the Colony's governors (it first re-appointed the last company governor). Freed of the company's restraints, the emerging local merchant class came to dominate and shape Bermuda's progress, as Bermudians abandoned agriculture en masse and turned to seafaring.

In 1663 the [[Province of Carolina]] was formed as a reward given to [[Lords Proprietors#Lords Proprietary of Carolina|some supporters]] of the Restoration. The province was named after the King's father, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} The town of [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] was established in 1669 by a party of settlers from Bermuda (some being Bermudians aboard Bermudian vessels, others having passed through Bermuda from as far as England) under the same William Sayle who had led the Eleutheran Adventurers to the Bahamas. In 1670, Sayle became the first Colonial Governor of the [[Province of Carolina]].