Editing Sputnik 1 (section)

== Legacy ==
{{Globalize|date=October 2023|2=Western World}}
Initially, U.S. President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] was not surprised by Sputnik 1. He had been forewarned of the R-7's capabilities by information derived from [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 spy plane]] overflight photos, as well as signals and telemetry intercepts.<ref>Lashmar, p. 146.</ref><ref>Peebles (2000), p. 168.</ref> General [[James M. Gavin]] wrote in 1958 that he had predicted to the [[Army Scientific Advisory Panel]] on 12 September 1957 that the Soviets would launch a satellite within 30 days, and that on 4 October he and [[Wernher von Braun]] had agreed that a launch was imminent.<ref name=war&peace>{{cite book|first=James Maurice|last=Gavin|title=War And Peace In The Space Age|publisher=Harper |edition=1958 |url=https://archive.org/details/warpeaceinspacea00gav_7q4/page/17/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration|access-date=April 3, 2015|via=Internet Archive |page=17 |format=hardcover|asin=B000OKLL8G}}</ref> The Eisenhower administration's first response was low-key and almost dismissive.<ref>Divine, p. xiv.</ref> Eisenhower was even pleased that the USSR, not the U.S., would be the first to test the waters of the still-uncertain [[space law|legal status of orbital satellite overflights]].<ref>McDougall, p. 134.</ref> Eisenhower had suffered the Soviet protests and shoot-downs of [[Project Genetrix]] (Moby Dick) balloons<ref>Peebles (1991), p. 180.</ref> and was concerned about the probability of a U-2 being shot down.<ref>Burrows, p. 236.</ref> To set a precedent for "freedom of space" before the launch of America's secret WS-117L spy satellites,<ref>Peebles (1997), p. 26.</ref> the U.S. had launched [[Project Vanguard]] as its own "civilian" satellite entry for the International Geophysical Year.<ref>McDougall, p. 118.</ref> Eisenhower greatly underestimated the reaction of the American public, who were shocked by the launch of Sputnik and by the televised failure of the Vanguard Test Vehicle 3 launch attempt. The sense of anxiety was inflamed by Democratic politicians, who portrayed the United States as woefully behind.<ref>Divine, p. xv.</ref> One of the many books that suddenly appeared for the lay-audience noted seven points of "impact" upon the nation: Western leadership, Western strategy and tactics, missile production, applied research, basic research, education, and democratic culture.<ref name="CoxStoiko69" /> As public and the government became interested in space and related science and technology, the phenomenon was sometimes dubbed the "Sputnik craze".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Bill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3CFoHfJk6QC&q=%22Sputnik+craze%22&pg=PT291|title=I Celebrate Myself: The Somewhat Private Life of Allen Ginsberg|year=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4406-7799-1|page=291|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Stamps 2007 Ukrposhta 859.jpg|thumb|Sputnik 1, [[Sergei Korolev]] and [[Valentin Glushko]] on a 2007 Ukrainian stamp]]

The U.S. soon had a number of successful satellites, including Explorer 1, [[Project SCORE]], and [[Courier 1B]]. However, public reaction to the [[Sputnik crisis]] spurred America to action in the Space Race, leading to the creation of both the [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, in 1972),<ref>Brzezinski, p. 274.</ref> and [[NASA]] (through the [[National Aeronautics and Space Act]]),<ref>McDougall, p. 172.</ref> as well as increased U.S. government spending on scientific research and education through the [[National Defense Education Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14829195|title=Sputnik Left Legacy for U.S. Science Education|date=September 30, 2007|last1=Abramson|first1=Larry|publisher=NPR|access-date=February 3, 2019}}</ref>

Sputnik also contributed directly to a new emphasis on science and technology in American schools. With a sense of urgency, Congress enacted the 1958 National Defense Education Act, which provided low-interest loans for college tuition to students majoring in mathematics and science.<ref>Zhao, p. 22.</ref><ref>Neal, ''et al'', pp. 3–4.</ref> After the launch of Sputnik, a poll conducted and published by the University of Michigan showed that 26% of Americans surveyed thought that Russian sciences and engineering were superior to that of the United States. (A year later, however, that figure had dropped to 10% as the U.S. began launching its own satellites into space.)<ref>Project Mercury: Main-in-Space Program of NASA, Report of the Committee on Aeronautical Sciences, United States Senate, 1 December 1959</ref>

One consequence of the Sputnik shock was the perception of a "[[missile gap]]". This became a dominant issue in the [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 presidential campaign]].<ref>Prados, p. 80.</ref>

The Communist Party newspaper ''[[Pravda]]'' only printed a few paragraphs about Sputnik 1 on 4 October.<ref>Harford, p. 121.</ref>

Sputnik also inspired a generation of engineers and scientists. Harrison Storms, the North American designer who was responsible for the [[X-15]] rocket plane, and went on to head the effort to design the [[Apollo command and service module]] and [[Saturn V]] launch vehicle's second stage, was moved by the launch of Sputnik to think of space as being the next step for America.<ref>Gray, p. 41.</ref> Astronauts [[Alan Shepard]] (who was the first American in space) and [[Deke Slayton]] later wrote of how the sight of Sputnik 1 passing overhead inspired them to their new careers.<ref>Shepard & Slayton, p. 43.</ref>

The launch of Sputnik 1 led to the resurgence of the suffix ''[[-nik]]'' in the English language.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79BV7ZOxI1AC&pg=PA109|title=English Word-formation: A History of Research, 1960–1995|last=Štekauer|first=Pavol|date=2000|publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag|isbn=978-3-8233-5210-5|pages=109|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7lIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Yiddish & English: The Story of Yiddish in America|last=Steinmetz|first=Sol|year=2001|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-1103-2|page=65|language=en}}</ref> The American writer [[Herb Caen]] was inspired to coin the term "[[beatnik]]" in an article about the [[Beat Generation]] in the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' on 2 April 1958.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Hamlin |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1995/11/26/PK72111.DTL |title=How Herb Caen Named a Generation |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=26 November 1995 |access-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119223622/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F1995%2F11%2F26%2FPK72111.DTL |archive-date=19 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Flag of Kaluga.svg|thumb|right|The flag of Kaluga, featuring Sputnik 1]]

The flag of the Russian city of [[Kaluga]] (which, as [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]]'s place of work and residency, is very dedicated to space and space travel) features a small Sputnik in the canton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaluga city (Kaluga Region, Russia) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ru-40-kl.html |website=www.crwflags.com |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312193405/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ru-40-kl.html |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 October 2007 [[Google]] celebrated Sputnik's 50th anniversary with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=Sputnik - 50th Anniversary |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/sputnik-50th-anniversary/ |website=Google}}</ref>

=== Satellite navigation ===
{{main|Satellite navigation|Global Positioning System}}
The launch of Sputnik also planted the seeds for the development of modern satellite navigation. Two American physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at Johns Hopkins University's [[Applied Physics Laboratory]] (APL) decided to monitor Sputnik's radio transmissions<ref name="guier-weiffenbach">{{cite journal|last1=Guier|first1=William H.|last2=Weiffenbach|first2=George C.|title=Genesis of Satellite Navigation|journal=Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest|volume=19|issue=1|pages=178–181|year=1997|url=http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td1901/guier.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512002742/http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td1901/guier.pdf|archive-date=May 12, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and within hours realized that, because of the [[Doppler effect]], they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit. The Director of the APL gave them access to their [[UNIVAC I|UNIVAC]] computer to do the then heavy calculations required.

Early the next year, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem: pinpointing the user's location, given the satellite's. At the time, the Navy was developing the submarine-launched [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris]] missile, which required them to know the submarine's location. This led them and APL to develop the [[Transit (satellite)|TRANSIT]] system,<ref>{{cite book|title=Where good ideas come from, the natural history of innovation|author=Steven Johnson|publisher=Riverhead Books|place=New York|year=2010}}</ref> a forerunner of modern [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) satellites.