Editing Sorbs (section)

== Population genetics ==
According to 2013 and 2015 studies, the most common [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA haplogroup]] among the Sorbs who speak Upper Sorbian in [[Lusatia]] (n=123) is [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]] with 65%, mainly its R-M458 subclade (57%). It is followed in frequency by [[Haplogroup I1|I1]] (9.8%), [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]] (9.8%), [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] (4.9%), [[Haplogroup I-M438|I2]] (4.1%), [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] (3.3%) and [[Haplogroup G-M201|G]] (2.4%). Other haplogroups are less than 1%.<ref name="Rębała">{{Cite journal|author=Rębała, Martínez-Cruz |display-authors=etal|year=2013|title=Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements|journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=21|issue=4|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2012.190|pmc=3598329|pmid=22968131|pages=415–422}}</ref><ref name="Kushniarevich2">{{Cite journal|author=Kushniarevich, Utevska |display-authors=etal|year=2015|title=Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data|journal=[[PLOS One]]|volume=10|issue=9|pages=Table K in S1 File. Frequencies of the NRY haplogroups in Balto–Slavic populations|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820|pmc=4558026|pmid=26332464|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035820K|doi-access=free}}</ref> A study from 2003 reported a similar frequency of 63.4% of [[haplogroup R1a]] among Sorbian males (n=112).<ref name="Behar20032">{{Cite journal|date=October 2003|title=Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=73|issue=4|pages=768–779|doi=10.1086/378506|pmc=1180600|pmid=13680527|vauthors=Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, etal}}</ref> Other studies that covered aspects of Sorbian Y-DNA include Immel et al. 2006,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Immel |display-authors=etal |first=UD|date=January 2006|title=Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis reveals surname-associated strata in the East-German population|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=14, pages 577–582 (2006)|issue=5 |pages=577–82|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201572 |pmid=16435000 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rodig et al. 2007,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rodig |display-authors=etal |first=Heike|date=January 2007|title=Population study and evaluation of 20 Y-chromosome STR loci in Germans|journal=Int J Legal Med|volume=121 |pages=24–27|doi=10.1007/s00414-005-0075-5|pmid=16710736|s2cid=40129551 }}</ref> and Krawczak et al. 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krawczak |display-authors=etal |first=M.|date=April 2008|title=Genetic Diversity in the German Population|url=http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0020801.html|journal=eLS|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0020801 |isbn=978-0470016176 |via=Wiley Online Library}}</ref> Significant percentage of R1a (25.7-38.3%), but strongly diminished in value because of high R1b (33.5-21.7%), and low I2 (5.8-5.1%) are in whole Saxony and ''[[Germania Slavica]]'' area as well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Kowalski|date=December 2020|title=The Early Mediaeval Slav-German border (Limes Sorabicus) in the light of research into Y-chromosome polymorphism in contemporary and historical German populations|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347916622|journal=[[Geographia Polonica]]|volume=93|issue=4|pages=569–596|doi=10.7163/GPol.0190|doi-access=free}}</ref>

A 2011 paper on the Sorbs' [[Autosome|autosomal DNA]] reported that the Upper Sorbian speakers (n=289) showed the greatest [[Genealogical DNA test#Autosomal DNA (atDNA) testing|autosomal genetic similarity]] to [[Polish people|Poles]], followed by [[Czechs]] and [[Slovaks]], consistent with the linguistic proximity of [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] to other [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] languages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veeramah|first=Krishna R.|date=May 2011|title=Genetic variation in the Sorbs of eastern Germany in the context of broader European genetic diversity|pmc=3179365|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=v.19(9): 935–1018 2011 Sep|issue=9|pages=995–1001|pmid=21559053|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2011.65}}</ref> In another genome-wide paper from the same year on Upper Sorbs (n=977), which indicated their genetic isolation "which cannot be explained by over-sampling of relatives" and a closer proximity to Poles and Czechs than Germans. The researchers however question this proximity, as the German reference population was almost exclusively West-German, and the Polish and Czech reference population had many that were part of a German minority.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gross|first=Arnd|date=July 2011|title=Population-genetic comparison of the Sorbian isolate population in Germany with the German KORA population using genome-wide SNP arrays|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-12-67|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=12|issue=67|page=67|pmid=21798003|pmc=3199861 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In a 2016 paper, Sorbs cluster autosomally again with Poles (from [[Poznań]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lazaridis|first=Iosif|date=August 2016|title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East|doi=10.1038/nature19310|pmid=27459054|pmc=5003663|journal=Nature|volume=536|issue=7617|pages=414–429|bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L}}</ref>