Editing Sociology of sport (section)

===Cultural studies===
Hegemony research describes the relations of power, as well as methods and techniques used by dominant groups to achieve ideological consent, without resorting to physical coercion. This ideological consent aims to make the exploratory social order seem natural, guaranteeing that the subordinate groups live out their subordination. A hegemony is always open to contestation, and thus counter-hegemonic movements may emerge.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond |title=Marxism and Literature |date=1977 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=110–111}}</ref>

The dominant groups may use sports to steer the use of the subordinate classes in the desired direction,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=J. |last2=Critcher |first2=C. |title=The Devil Makes Work: Leisure in Capitalist Britain |date=1985 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Champaign, Illinois |page=228}}</ref> or towards consumerism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hargreaves |first1=Jennifer |title=Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Women's Sports |url=https://archive.org/details/sportingfemalesc0000harg |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=9780415070287 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sportingfemalesc0000harg/page/228 228]}}</ref> However, the history of sport shows that colonized are not necessarily manipulated through sport,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guttman |first1=Allen |title=Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism |date=1995 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780231100427 |pages=178–179}}</ref> while sport professionalization, and their own popular culture, helped the working class avoid mass subordination to bourgeois values.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tranter |first1=Neil |title=Sport, Economy and Society in Britain 1750-1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/sporteconomysoci0000tran |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521572170 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sporteconomysoci0000tran/page/49 49]}}</ref>

Resistance is a key concept in cultural studies, which describes how subordinate groups engage in particular cultural practices to resist their domination. Resistance can be overt and deliberate or latent and unconscious, but always counters the norms and conventions of the dominant groups.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rinehart |first1=Robert E. |last2=Sydnor |first2=Synthia |title=To the Extreme |date=1996 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=New York |page=136}}</ref> [[John Fiske (media scholar)|John Fiske]] differentiated between confrontational semiotics and avoidance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fiske |first1=John |title=Understanding Popular Culture |date=1989 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=9780415078764 |pages=2–3}}</ref>