Editing Sleeping car (section)

===Europe===
[[File:252064 Trehotel Alhambra - Vilanova i la Geltru - Luis Zamora.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Trenhotel Alhambra between [[Barcelona]] and [[Granada]]]]
[[File:Oulu railway station 20180107.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A long-distance night train at the [[Oulu railway station]] in [[Oulu|Oulu, Finland]]]]
In [[Europe]], the [[Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits]] (French for "International Sleeping Car Company") first focused on sleeping cars, but later operated whole trains, including the ''[[Orient Express|Simplon-Orient Express]]'', ''[[Nord Express]]'', ''[[Le Train Bleu|Train Bleu]]'', ''[[Golden Arrow (train)|Golden Arrow]]'', and the ''Transsiberien'' (on the [[Trans-Siberian railway]]). Today it once again specializes in sleeping cars, along with onboard railroad catering.

In modern Europe, a number of sleeping car services continue to operate, though they face strong competition from high-speed day trains and budget airlines, sometimes leading to the cancellation or consolidation of services. In some cases, trains are split and recombined in the dead of night, making it possible to offer several connections with a relatively small number of trains. Generally, the trains consist of sleeping cars with private compartments, couchette cars, and sometimes cars with normal seating.

In Eastern Europe, night trains are still widely used. In Western Europe, they have been in decline for decades. However, in December 2020 the state railways of [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[France]] and [[Switzerland]] announced a 500 million [[euro]] investment in a network of cross-border night trains linking 13 major European cities, in the largest extension of Europe's night network in many years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rail giants team up to revive Europe's long-dormant sleeper trains |url=https://www.dw.com/en/rail-giants-team-up-to-revive-europes-long-dormant-sleeper-trains/a-55876645 |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |agency=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur|dpa]], [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=8 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Julia |title=How Europe's night trains came back from the dead |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/night-trains-europe-sleeper-obb/index.html |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=[[CNN|CNN travel]] |date=14 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New night trains are reingniting rail travel in Europe |url=https://www.traveller.com.au/new-night-trains-are-reingniting-rail-travel-in-europe-h1spgq |work=traveller.com.au |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=16 December 2020 |date=16 December 2020}}</ref>

An example of a more basic type of sleeping car is the European [[couchette car]], which is divided into compartments for four or six people, with bench-configuration seating during the day and "privacyless" double- or triple-level bunk beds at night.

In 2021 the French start-up company, [[Midnight Trains]], announced plans to set up a network of sleeper trains, centered in [[Paris]]. Planned destinations include [[Edinburgh]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Berlin]], [[Venice]], [[Rome]], [[Barcelona]], [[Madrid]], and [[Porto]], with some intermediate stops. The plans were backed by telecoms billionaire [[Xavier Niel]], the co-owner of [[Le Monde]] newspaper.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=22 June 2021|title=New network of European sleeper trains announced|url=http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2021/jun/22/new-network-of-european-sleeper-overnight-trains-planned|access-date=22 June 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> However, the project later collapsed due in part to a lack of funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where the night dies |url=https://www.midnight-trains.com/post/where-the-night-dies |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.midnight-trains.com}}</ref> In 2021 Europe saw a increase in the provision of sleeper trains which is thought to be the result of increasing awareness of the environmental effects of long-distance travel.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Burroughs|first=David|date=6 May 2021|title=Getting overnight travel back on track|url=https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/getting-overnight-travel-back-on-track/|access-date=22 June 2021|website=International Railway Journal|language=en}}</ref>

In 2022 the design and engineering faculties of three European universities – [[Aalto University|Aalto]], [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology|KTH]] and [[Tallinn University of Technology|TalTech]] – discussed plans to reshape sleeping cars for flow production. The ADLNE project aims to create the railcar from modules that are themselves composed of interchangeable segments, compartments and fittings, allowing bespoke designs at low cost.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://transportandtravel.files.wordpress.com/2022/02/adlne-newsletter.pdf |title=ADLNE project newsletter |work=Transport and Travel |first=Pat |last=Humphreys |date=Feb 6, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2022}}</ref>

Since 2023, Belgian–Dutch start-up [[European Sleeper]] runs sleeper trains from [[Amsterdam]] to [[Berlin]] and (since 2024) [[Prague]], as well as a seasonal service (since 2025) to [[Innsbruck]] and [[Venice]]. European Sleeper has also announced plans for an [[Amsterdam]]&mdash;[[Barcelona]] service in 2026 or 2027.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railtech.com/all/2024/10/14/european-sleeper-adam-barca-night-train-may-be-delayed-to-2027-ceo/|access-date=1 February 2025|title=European Sleeper: A’dam-Barca night train may be delayed to 2027 – CEO|date=14 October 2024|last=Wintle|first=Thomas|website=Railtech}}</ref>

====Austria====
[[File:CityNightLine bilevel sleeping car in Dresden - 2000.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|A [[CityNightLine]] double-decker sleeping car]]
[[ÖBB]]'s modern [[Nightjet]] services operate in [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Italy]], [[Switzerland]], [[France]], [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]], and Nightjet's partners will also take passengers to [[Slovakia]], [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Poland]], [[Hungary]] and the  [[Czech Republic]]. The services usually leave at around 20:00 hours and arrive at around 09:00 hours at the destination. Some of the Nightjet train units have a maximum speed of 230 km/h.

====Former Soviet Union countries====
[[File:1st class two berth sleeper Kiev to Moscow (11386515956).jpg|thumb|1st class two berth sleeper Kiev to Moscow]]
[[File:Moscow Kazansky Station TVZ doubledecker train 08-2016 img2.jpg|thumb|A Russian [[Tver Carriage Works|TVZ]] double-deck sleeper car]]
In the [[Soviet Union]] overnight train travel formed the most common and accessible mode of long-distance travel, distances between the capital of [[Moscow]] and many outlying cities being ideal for overnight trips that depart in late evening and arrive at their destinations in the morning. Sleeping cars with berths are the only reasonable solution for railway trips lasting several days (e.g., trains running along the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], or direct trains from [[Moscow]] or [[Saint Petersburg]] to the capitals of the Central Asian Soviet Republics).

Since then, the railroads in the smaller ex-Soviet nations have largely transitioned to daytime intercity trains, such as in [[Belarus]], where the process is based on government-funded purchases of rolling stock supplied by [[Stadler Rail|Stadler]], which operates a train factory in [[Minsk]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.stadlerrail.com/en/about-us/locations/cjsc-stadler-minsk/30/ | title=Locations - Stadler}}</ref> or in [[Uzbekistan]], which has established a 600&nbsp;km [[Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line|Afrosiyob high-speed rail service]] between all of its major cities.

In the larger Soviet Union successor states like [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]], on the other hand, night trains are to this day a prime method of railway travel, as a shift towards faster daytime trains with seating rather than sleeping arrangements is hampered by insufficient investments in the railway infrastructure restricting the speed, lack of train sets, and most importantly, the distances involved. While certain numbers of high-speed trains have been acquired by the national railways of these countries (such as [[Renfe Class 130|Talgo 250]] in Kazakhstan, [[Sapsan|Siemens Sapsan]] in Russia, or [[HRCS2|Hyundai Rotem HRCS]] in Ukraine), all of them continue to operate a large number of sleeper trains both on domestic and international routes.

The need to compete against aviation with its soaring passenger numbers forces the railroads to maintain modest ticket prices, starting at below 10 Euros for third-class tickets in Ukraine, if higher in the richer ex-Soviet nations. Rolling stock age and quality also varies by country. In countries like Kazakhstan and Russia, locally-produced cars are purchased regularly to update the fleet, with newly introduced comforts such as showers, dry toilets, or conditioning units in passenger compartments becoming an increasingly common sight; Russian Railroads have also introduced double-deck sleeper cars; yet comfort levels still suffer from a modest degree of innovation in the bogie suspension systems and the passenger compartment design. Some other post-Soviet nations rely more heavily on the rolling stock fleet inherited from the Union, to a large extent based on vintage life-prolonged cars assembled in [[East Germany]] or [[Rīgas Vagonbūves Rūpnīca|Soviet Latvia]] back in the 1980s.

==== Croatia ====
Modern, air-conditioned sleeping cars and couchette cars are part of [[Croatian Railways]] rolling stock. Croatian sleeping coaches include single, double or 4-bed compartments with washbasin and many additional hygienic accessories. Passengers also have catering services at their disposal and are given complimentary breakfast, depending on the type of ticket bought. A night train with sleeping carriages included operates on the route between the two largest Croatian towns, [[Zagreb]] and [[Split, Croatia|Split]], and Croatian sleeping coaches are included on the Zagreb-[[Stuttgart]]-Zagreb and Zagreb-[[Zürich]]-Zagreb [[EuroNight]] lines.

==== Czech Republic ====
Sleeping car services in the Czech Republic are operated by [[České dráhy]] and [[RegioJet]]. ČD operates them on the [[Prague]] - [[Leipzig]] - Zürich line, Prague - [[Linz]] - Zürich line, Prague - [[Humenné]] line and others.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cd.cz/nase-vlaky/nocni-vlaky/ceske-drahy/-25866/ | title=Lůžkové a lehátkové spoje ČD – pohodlné noční cestování vlakem po Evropě &#124; České dráhy }}</ref> RegioJet provides them on various trains on the Prague - [[Košice]] line.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://regiojet.cz/sluzby/servis-ve-vlaku/spaci-vozy | title=Spací vozy - plnohodnotný spánek během vaší cesty }}</ref>

====France====
Another of the more substantial examples of current European sleeping-car service is the ''[[Le Train Bleu|Train Bleu]]'', an all-sleeping-car train. It leaves Paris from the [[Gare d'Austerlitz]] station in mid-evening and arrives in [[Nice]] at about 8 in the morning, providing both first-class rooms and couchette accommodation. The train's principal popularity is with older travelers; it has not won the same degree of popularity with younger travelers. Recently, the upper-class coaches (wagons lits) have been sold to foreign railroad companies, so that only [[couchette car]]s (1st and 2nd class) and seating coaches remain. The Train Bleu is part of the French night service network called ''[[Intercités de Nuit]]''.

====Italy====
In Italy, [[Ferrovie dello Stato]] operates an extensive network of trains with sleeping cars, especially between the main cities in [[Northern Italy]] and the [[Southern Italy|South]], including [[Sicily]] using train ferry.

====Poland====
[[File:Bautzen86 353 (2).jpg|thumb|PKP Intercity sleeper car]]
[[File:ShowerWC Dxsleeper PKP7090 20160814.jpg|thumb|Interior of a sleeper compartment with a private bathroom on a PKP IC train]]
Sleeping trains in Poland are run by [[PKP Intercity]]. Sleeper cars are used on long-distance domestic trains such as the [[Przemyślanin]] as well as international trains. Polish night trains also contain standard first and second class seated cars as well as [[couchette car|couchette cars]]. The sleeper cars offer various types of accommodations, including 4-bed, 3-bed, 2-bed and single accommodations, as well as a deluxe option with a private bathroom and shower.<ref>https://www.intercity.pl/pl/site/dla-pasazera/oferty/wagony-sypialne-i-kuszetki/</ref>

====Romania====
Night train numbers have been reduced significantly, as the quality of the rail infrastructure is declining and repairs are insufficient, which leads to longer ride times between cities. A journey from Gara de Nord station in [[Bucharest]] to [[Arad, Romania|Arad]] (599&nbsp;km) usually lasts 11 hours 20 minutes when there are no delays.
Most night trains in Romania cross the country, covering distances of 400 to 750&nbsp;km, usually to end at certain international destinations or in large cities at opposite ends of the country. The overwhelming majority of night trains with sleeping coaches are owned and operated by [[Căile Ferate Române|CFR Călători]] (Romanian Railways). Recently, private operators such as [[Astra Rail Carpatica]], the newly founded private operator of [[Astra Vagoane Arad]], has started offering sleeping train services, using own-made sleeping cars and Servtrans locomotives. 
[[File:CFR WLABmee 50 53 71-31 009-3 Beograd 100910.jpg|thumb|A WLABmee 71-31 car, the standard sleeping car of the CFR, at the defunct [[Belgrade Main railway station]]]]
CFR today prefers operating more couchettes than sleeping cars in its trains, a practice used in Italy and Austria, adopted by the CFR in the early 2010s, thus enabling it to increase the capacity on sleeping trains. The sleeping cars of the CFR in the 1990s consisted of Bautzen and Görlitz-made sleeping cars, standard in the Eastern Bloc. They were replaced by Grivița-made WLABmee 71-70 and Hansa-made WLABmee 71–31, bought second-hand from Deutsche Bahn. The most recent sleeping cars are the WLABmee 70-91 made by Astra Arad, which is the same type used by Astra Rail (although the liveries differ), starting from 2014, 2 of the WLABmee 71-70 cars were refurbished, but no other examples have received the same treatment. Other examples that have been withdrawn since were second-hand examples of the TEN MU and T2S types.

====Spain and Portugal<!-- This section is out of date, please refer to https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenhotel -->====
In Spain, ''[[Trenhotel]]'' was a long-distance, overnight [[train]] service which used [[Talgo]] [[tilting train]]s technology and sleeping cars developed by the Spanish rail network operator [[Renfe]]. It was operated by [[Renfe]] and [[Comboios de Portugal|CP]] where it operated International Sud-Express and Lusitanea services between Spain and Portugal, and by its subsidiary [[Elipsos]] (a joint venture between Renfe and French [[SNCF]] with a 50% share each) when operating in [[France]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Italy]].

Trenhotel services were discontinued during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], this was due to some routes being covered by daytime high-speed trains, the age of rolling stock and the diminishing popularity of some of the services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nuevo |first=Mar |last2=Fernández |first2=Alejandro |date=2021-03-12 |title=Estos son los últimos destinos de los trenes nocturnos en España |url=https://www.businessinsider.es/tren-hotel-dejaran-prestar-servicio-muy-pronto-828505 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Business Insider España |language=es}}</ref> Renfe announced that trains to and from the Spanish region of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] would eventually be reintroduced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-30 |title=Renfe suprime el tren nocturno que Greta Thunberg eligió como opción más sostenible |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20200531/481443734491/renfe-suprime-rutas-tren-hoteles-lusitania-greta.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-02 |title=Renfe no suprimirá definitivamente el tren hotel que une Galicia con Barcelona |url=https://www.lanuevacronica.com/actualidad/renfe-no-suprimira-definitivamente-el-tren-hotel-que-une-galicia-con-barcelona_87788_102.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=La Nueva Crónica |language=es}}</ref> This marked the end of sleeper trains in Portugal and it left [[Celta (train)|Celta]] as the last international train service between Portugal and Spain.

The Estrella (Star) is a low-cost night train between [[Madrid]] and [[Barcelona]] served by berth carriages, with compartments for up to 6 people.

====Turkey====

While most of Turkey's overnight trains operate within [[Anatolia]], in [[Asia]], [[TCDD Taşımacılık]] operates one train from [[Istanbul]] to [[Sofia]] and [[Bucharest]]. The train runs through Turkey as a single train and later splits in Bulgaria. Formerly, overnight trains departed Istanbul to several European destinations such as [[Thessaloniki]], [[Belgrade]], [[Budapest]], [[Warsaw]] and [[Kyiv]] but were all discontinued in the 1990s and 2000s.

A privately operated overnight train, the [[Optima Express]], runs between [[Edirne]] and [[Villach]] in [[Austria]] with an average trip time of 35 hours.

====United Kingdom====
[[File:Caledonian Sleeper Mk5 suite.jpg|thumb|A ''Caledonian Sleeper'' double berth in the UK.]]
In the United Kingdom, a network of trains with sleeping cars operates daily between [[London]] and [[Scotland]] (''[[Caledonian Sleeper]]''), and between London and the [[West Country]] as far as [[Cornwall]] (''[[Night Riviera]]''). These services offer a choice of single- or double-occupancy bedrooms. These services operate all week, except Saturdays and usually depart London from [[Euston railway station|Euston]] and [[London Paddington station|Paddington]] stations in the evening, arriving at their destinations at approximately 08:00. The Night Riviera service uses [[Sleeper Either Class|British Rail Mk3 sleeper]] coaches, whereas Caledonian Sleeper uses [[British Rail Mark 5 (CAF)|Mk5 coaches]].