Editing Sichuan (section)

===Song and Yuan dynasties===
During the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese]] was able to protect themselves from [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] attacks with the help of the central government. There were rebellions against the Song by Li Shun in 994 and Wang Jun in 1000. Sichuan also saw cultural revivals like the great poets [[Su Xun]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|蘇洵}}), [[Su Shi]], and [[Su Zhe]].<ref name="Tara"/> Although paper currency was known in the Tang dynasty, in 1023 AD, the first true [[Banknote|paper money]] in human history ({{zh|labels=no|c=[[:zh:交子|交子]] |p=jiāozǐ}}) was issued in [[Chengdu]].<ref>Horesh Niv , 2012, "From Chengdu to Stockholm: A Comparative Study of the Emergence of Paper Money in East and West"</ref><ref>Hans G.Wiedemann & Gerhard Bayer, 1992, "Approach to ancient Chinese artifacts by means of thermal analysis", Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam</ref><ref>Pan Jixing, 1998, "On the origin of movable metal-type technique", Chinese Science Bulletin</ref>

It was also during the Song dynasty that the bulk of the native [[Ba (state)|Ba people]] of eastern Sichuan assimilated into the Han Chinese ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fei |first=Xiaotong |date=2017-12-18 |title=The formation and development of the Chinese nation with multi-ethnic groups |journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=1 |doi=10.1186/s41257-017-0001-z |s2cid=256521035 |issn=2366-1003|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Southern Song dynasty established coordinated defenses against the [[Mongols|Mongolian]] [[Yuan dynasty]], in Sichuan and [[Xiangzhou District, Xiangyang|Xiangyang]]. The Southern Song state monopolized the Sichuan tea industry to pay for warhorses, but this state intervention eventually brought devastation to the local economy.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of China |last=Roberts |first=John A.G. |isbn=978-0-230-34536-2 |series=Palgrave Essential Histories series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBpvOo_R854C |year=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=109 | access-date = 15 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160604052529/https://books.google.com/books?id=rBpvOo_R854C | archive-date = 4 June 2016 | url-status = live}}</ref> The line of defense was finally broken through after the first use of [[firearm]]s in history during the six-year [[Battle of Xiangyang]], which ended in 1273. Allegedly there were a million pieces of unspecified types of skeleton bones belonging to war animals and both Song and Yuan soldiers who perished in the fighting over the city, although the figure may have been grossly exaggerated.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MBZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP728|script-title=zh:成都录|quote={{lang|zh|城中骸骨一百四十万}}|title=Yi jia tang cong shu|last1=Yu|first1=Songnian|year=1840|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513003121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MBZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP728|url-status=live}}</ref> The recorded number of families in Sichuan dropped from 2,640,000 families,<ref>{{lang|zh|李心傳}} [Li Xinchuan], "{{lang|zh-hant|建炎以來朝野雜記}}", {{lang|zh|文海出版公司}} [Wenhai Publishing Co.], 1967. 1st set,section 7, page 15</ref> as recorded from the census taken in 1162 AD, to 120,000 families<ref>{{lang|zh|李心傳}} [Li Xinchuan], "{{lang|zh-hant|建炎以來朝野雜記}}", {{lang|zh|文海出版公司}} [Wenhai Publishing Co.], 1967. 1st set,section 7, page 16</ref> in 1282 AD.<ref>C. P. Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</ref> Possible causes include forced population transfer to nearby areas, evacuation to nearby provinces, census under-reporting or inaccuracy, and war-related deaths.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}
One instance of the deportation of Sichuanese civilians to Mongolia occurred in the aftermath of a battle in 1259 when more than 80,000 people were taken captive from one city in Sichuan and moved to Mongolia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA325 |title=State Power in China, 900–1325 |page=325 |isbn=978-0-295-99848-0 |last1=Ebrey |first1=Patricia Buckley |last2=Smith |first2=Paul Jakov |date=25 August 2016 |publisher=University of Washington Press |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112095010/https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA325 |url-status=live }}</ref>