Editing Shogun (section)

===Kamakura shogunate (1185–1333)===
{{Further|Kamakura shogunate|Kamakura period}}
[[File:Minamoto no Yoritomo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Minamoto no Yoritomo]], the first shogun (1192–1199) of the [[Kamakura shogunate]]]]
There are various theories as to the year in which the Kamakura period and Kamakura shogunate began. In the past, the most popular theory was that the year was 1192, when Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed {{nihongo3||征夷大将軍|sei-i taishōgun}}. Later, the prevailing theory was that the year was 1185, when Yoritomo established the {{nihongo3||守護|[[shugo]]}}, which controlled military and police power in various regions, and the {{nihongo3||地頭|[[jitō]]}}, which was in charge of tax collection and land administration. Japanese history textbooks as of 2016 do not specify a specific year for the beginning of the Kamakura period, as there are various theories about the year the Kamakura shogunate was established.<ref name="toyo090616">{{cite web|url=https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/120599?page=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509123300/https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/120599?page=4|script-title=ja:鎌倉幕府は何年に成立？正解を言えますか|language=ja|publisher=Toyo keizai|date=9 June 2016|archive-date=9 May 2022|access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref>

[[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] seized power from the central government and aristocracy and by 1192 established a [[feudal system]] based in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]] in which the private military, the [[samurai]], gained some political powers while the Emperor and the [[aristocracy]] remained the ''[[de jure]]'' rulers.<ref name="nussbaum459">[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA459&dq= "''Kamakura-jidai''"] in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 459.</ref><ref>"...not only was the Heian system of '''imperial-aristocratic rule''' still vigorous during the twelfth century, but also it remained the essential framework within which the bakufu, during its lifetime, was obliged to operate. In this sense, the Heian pattern of government survived into the fourteenth century{{snd}}to be destroyed with the '''Kama-kura bakufu''' rather than by it." Warrior Rule in Japan, p. 1. Cambridge University Press.</ref>

In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of ''sei-i taishōgun'' by [[Emperor Go-Toba]] and the political system he developed with a succession of shoguns as the head became known as a shogunate. [[Hōjō Masako|Hojo Masako]]'s (Yoritomo's wife) family, the [[Hōjō clan|Hōjō]], seized power from the Kamakura shoguns.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/shogun|title=shogun {{!}} Japanese title|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=21 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In 1199, Yoritomo died suddenly at the age of 53, and the 18-year-old [[Minamoto no Yoriie]] took over as second shogun. To support the young Yoriie, the decisions of the shogunate were made by a 13-man council, including [[Hojo Tokimasa]] and his son [[Hojo Yoshitoki]], but this was effectively dismantled shortly afterwards when one of the key members lost his political position and two others died of illness.<ref name="toutoki">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/70825/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405154853/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/70825/|script-title=ja:北条時政|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=9 June 2016|archive-date=5 April 2024|access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="kotoshik">{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%9F%B7%E6%A8%A9%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-74028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317005226/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%9F%B7%E6%A8%A9%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-74028|script-title=ja:執権政治|language=ja|publisher=Kotobank|date=|archive-date=17 March 2024|access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref>

==== Puppetization of the shogun by the ''shikken'' ====
[[File:Dai Nihon Rokujūyoshō, Izu Hōjō Sagaminokami Tokimasa by Yoshitora.jpg|thumb|[[Hōjō Tokimasa]] shifted the source of power in the shogunate from the shogun to the shogun's assistant, ''[[shikken]]'', and established the rule of the [[Hōjō clan]].]]
When Minamoto no Yoriie fell ill in 1203, a power struggle broke out between the [[Hojo clan]] and [[Hiki Yoshikazu]], and Hojo Tokimasa destroyed the [[Hiki clan]]. Tokimasa then installed the 12-year-old [[Minamoto no Sanetomo]] as the third shogun, puppeting him while himself becoming the first {{nihongo3|Regent|執権|[[shikken]]}} and assuming actual control of the shogunate. Hojo Yoshitoki later assassinated Minamoto no Yoriie.<ref name="toutoki"/><ref name="kotoshik"/>

However, Hojo Tokimasa lost influence in 1204 when he killed [[Hatakeyama Shigetada]], believing false information that his son-in-law Shigetada was about to rebel, and lost his position in 1205 when he tried to install his son-in-law Hiraga Tomomasa as the fourth shogun. Hojo Yoshitoki became the second ''shikken'', and the shogunate was administered under the leadership of [[Hojo Masako]].<ref name="toutoki"/><ref name="kotoshik"/>

In 1219, the third shogun, Minamoto no Sanetomo, was assassinated for unknown reasons.<ref name="kotoshik"/>

In 1221, war broke out for the first time in Japan between the warrior class government and the imperial court, and in this battle, known as the [[Jōkyū War]], the shogunate defeated former [[Emperor Go-Toba]].<ref name="kotoshik"/> The shogunate exiled former Emperor Go-Toba to [[Oki Island]] for waging war against the shogunate. The shogunate learned its lesson and set up an administrative body in Kyoto called the {{nihongo3||六波羅探題|[[Rokuhara Tandai]]}} to oversee the imperial court and western Japan.<ref name="touken">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/kemmu-no-shinsei/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406003516/https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/kemmu-no-shinsei/|script-title=ja:建武の新政|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=6 April 2024|access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref>

After the sudden death of Hojo Yoshitoki in 1224, [[Hojo Yasutoki]] became the third ''shikken'', and after the death of Hojo Masako in 1225, the administration of the shogunate returned to a council system.<ref name="kotoshik"/>

In 1226, [[Hojo Yasutoki]] installed [[Kujo Yoritsune]], a member of the [[Sesshō and Kampaku|''sekkan'' family]], as the fourth shogun.<ref name="kotoshik"/>

In 1232, the [[Goseibai Shikimoku]] was enacted, the first codified law by a warrior class government in Japan.<ref name="kotoshik"/>

==== Puppetization of the shogun by the ''tokusō'' ====
[[File:Hōjō Tokiyori.jpg|thumb|[[Hōjō Tokiyori]] shifted the source of power in the shogunate from the official position of ''shikken'' to the private title of ''[[tokusō]]'' of the Hojo clan.]]
In 1246, [[Hojo Tokiyori]] became the fifth ''shikken'', and in 1252 he installed [[Prince Munetaka]] as the sixth shogun. The appointment of a member of the imperial family as shogun made the shogun more and more like a puppet. After retiring from the shikkens, he used his position as head of the Hojo clan's main family, {{nihongo3||得宗|[[tokusō]]}}, to dominate politics, thus shifting the source of power in the shogunate from the ''shikken'' to ''tokusō''.<ref name="kotoshik"/><ref name="kototoku">{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BE%97%E5%AE%97-104805|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406161449/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BE%97%E5%AE%97-104805|script-title=ja:得宗|language=ja|publisher=Kotobank|date=|archive-date=6 April 2024|access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Hojo Tokimune]], the eighth ''shikken'' and seventh ''tokusō'', the shogunate twice defeated the [[Mongol invasion of Japan]] in 1274 and 1281. The shogunate defeated the Mongols with the help of samurai called {{nihongo3||御家人|[[gokenin]]}}, lords in the service of the shogunate. However, since the war was a war of national defense and no new territory was gained, the shogunate was unable to adequately reward the ''gokenin'', and their dissatisfaction with the shogunate grew.<ref name="toukama">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/56909/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406003622/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/56909/|script-title=ja:鎌倉幕府とは|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=6 April 2024|access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref>

In 1285, during the reign of [[Hojo Sadatoki]], the ninth ''shikken'' and ''eighth tokusō'', Adachi Yasumori and his clan, who had been the main vassals of the Kamakura shogunate, were destroyed by Taira no Yoritsuna, further strengthening the ruling system of the ''tokusō'', which emphasized blood relations.<ref name="kotoshik"/> As tokusō's ruling system was strengthened, the power of the title of {{nihongo3||[[:ja:内管領|内管領]]|naikanrei}}, ''tokusō'''s chief retainer, increased, and when ''tokusō'' was young or incapacitated, ''naikanrei'' took control of the shogunate. Taira no Yoritsuna during the reign of Hojo Sadatoki, and Nagasaki Takatsuna and Nagasaki Takasuke during the reign of [[Hojo Takatoki]], the fourteenth ''shikken'' and ninth ''tokusō'', were ''naikanrei'' who took control of the Kamakura shogunate.<ref name="kototoku"/><ref name="kotonai">{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%86%85%E7%AE%A1%E9%A0%98-34755|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406161434/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%86%85%E7%AE%A1%E9%A0%98-34755|script-title=ja:内管領|language=ja|publisher=Kotobank|date=|archive-date=6 April 2024|access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref>　In other words, Japanese politics was a multiple puppet structure: Emperor, shogun, shikken, tokusō, and naikanrei.

In response to ''gokenin'''s dissatisfaction with the shogunate, [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] planned to raise an army against the shogunate, but his plan was leaked and he was exiled to Oki Island in 1331. In 1333, Emperor Go-Daigo escaped from Oki Island and again called on ''gokenin'' and samurai to raise an army against the shogunate. [[Kusunoki Masashige]] was the first to respond to the call, sparking a series of rebellions against the shogunate in various places. [[Ashikaga Takauji]], who had been ordered by the shogunate to suppress the forces of Emperor Go-Daigo, turned to the emperor's side and attacked ''Rokuhara Tandai''. Then, in 1333, [[Nitta Yoshisada]] invaded Kamakura and the Kamakura shogunate fell, and the Hōjō clan was destroyed.<ref name="touken"/><ref name="toukama"/>