Editing Shanghai (section)

==== Japanese invasion ====
{{Main|Battle of Shanghai}}
[[File:Shanghai1937city zhabei fire.jpg|thumb|[[Zhabei District]] on fire, 1937|alt=]]
On [[January 28 incident|28 January 1932]], Japanese military forces invaded Shanghai while the Chinese resisted. More than 10,000 shops and hundreds of factories and public buildings<ref>{{cite book |title=A Description of the Oriental Library Before and After the Destruction by Japanese on February 1, 1932 |author=Board of Directors of the Oriental Library |publisher=Mercury Press |date=1932| page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214638/https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2024}}</ref> were destroyed, leaving Zhabei district ruined. About 18,000 civilians were either killed, injured, or declared missing.<ref name="SHChronicles" /> A ceasefire was brokered on 5 May.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:图说上海一二八事变----战争罪行 |website = archives.sh.cn |url = http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |access-date = 3 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180204225310/http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |archive-date = 4 February 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> In 1937, the [[Battle of Shanghai]] resulted in the occupation of the Chinese-administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. People who stayed in the occupied city suffered on a daily basis, experiencing hunger, oppression, or death.<ref>Nicole Huang, "Introduction," in Eileen Chang, Written on Water, translated by Andrew F. Jones (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), XI</ref> The foreign concessions were ultimately occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945; multiple [[Japanese war crimes|war crimes]] were committed during that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |title=149 comfort women houses discovered in Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201080455/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |date=16 June 2005}}</ref>

A side-effect of the Japanese invasion of Shanghai was the [[Shanghai Ghetto]]. A vice-consul for Japan in Lithuania, [[Chiune Sugihara]], issued thousands of visas to Jewish refugees who were escaping the [[Holocaust]]. They traveled from [[Keidan]], Lithuania and across Russia by railroad to [[Vladivostok]] from where they traveled by ship to [[Kobe]], Japan. Their stay in Kobe was short as the Japanese government transferred them to Shanghai by November 1941. Other Jewish refugees found haven in Shanghai on ships from Italy. The refugees from Europe were interned into a cramped ghetto in the Hongkou District and after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], even the Iraqi Jews who had been living in Shanghai from before the outbreak of WWII were interned. Among the refugees in the Shanghai Ghetto was the [[Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)|Mirrer Yeshiva]], including its students and faculty. On 3 September 1945, the Chinese Army liberated the Ghetto and most of the Jews left over the next few years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |title=Shanghai's Forgotten Jewish Past |last=Griffiths |first=James |work=The Atlantic |date=21 December 2013 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620014031/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |url-status=live}}</ref>