Editing Shandong (section)

== Economy ==
As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to [[Guangzhou]] to exchange clothing and fabrics.<ref name=Roberts1/> The [[Shandong#Economy|economy of Shandong]] is China's [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|third largest provincial economy]] with a [[GDP]] of [[CNY]]¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or [[USD]]$1.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Its GDP per capita is around [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|the national average]]. Compared to a country, it would be the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|15th-largest economy]] and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|15th most populous]] as of 2021.<ref name=":2" />

Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including [[cotton]], [[wheat]], and [[garlic]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Fresh Garlic from China, Inv. 731-TA-683 (Second Review)|url={{Google books|6xZXpHREixMC|page=I-24|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=DIANE Publishing|date=n.d.|page=I-24|isbn=9781457818745}}</ref> as well as precious metals such as [[gold]] and [[diamond]]s. It also has one of the biggest [[sapphire]] deposits in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-sapphire.com/about1.asp|title=Location and how discovered|date=n.d.|publisher=China Sapphire|access-date=2009-01-05|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-07-03|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070703160523/http://www.china-sapphire.com/about1.asp}}</ref> Other important crops include [[sorghum]] and [[maize]]. Shandong has extensive [[Petroleum industry in China|petroleum]] deposits as well, especially the [[Shengli Oil Field]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Zhan |first=Jing Vivian |title=China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-04898-9 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom}}</ref>{{Rp|page=39}} (lit. Victory Oilfield) in the [[Dongying]] area in the [[Yellow River]] delta. Shandong also produces [[bromine]] from underground wells and [[table salt|salt]] from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China.

Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from [[South Korea]]n and [[Japan]]ese investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries.<ref name="thechinaperspective.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong-province/|title=Shandong Province|date=n.d.|publisher=The China Perspective|access-date=2022-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305173906/http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong-province/}}</ref> The richest part of the province is the [[Shandong Peninsula]], where the city of [[Qingdao]] is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: [[Tsingtao Brewery|Tsingtao]] [[Beer]], [[Haier]] and [[Hisense]]. Besides, [[Dongying]]'s oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China.<ref name="thechinaperspective.com"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
| align=center colspan=10 | '''Historical GDP of Shandong Province, 1952–present''' (SNA2008)<ref name="SNA2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats-sd.gov.cn/art/2017/10/13/art_5282_198085.html|title=关于将研究与开发支出计入生产总值核算修订生产总值核算数据的公告|date=2017-10-13|publisher=Shandong Provincial Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2022-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235426/http://www.stats-sd.gov.cn/art/2017/10/13/art_5282_198085.html|language=zh}}</ref><br />(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as [[Geary–Khamis dollar|Int'l.dollar]] based on IMF WEO October 2017{{refn|group=note|Purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as [[Geary–Khamis dollar|Int'l.dollar]] based on IMF WEO October 2017. Purchasing power parity (PPP) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] [[World Economic Outlook|WEO]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLS/world-economic-outlook-databases#sort=%40imfdate%20descending|title=The World Economic Outlook Database|date=2021|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=2022-08-09|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126181855/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases#sort=%40imfdate%20descending|url-status=live}}</ref> data; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published in the ''China Statistical Yearbook''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/|title=Annual Data|date=n.d.|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China|access-date=2022-08-09|archive-date=October 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020062416/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|- align=center
| align=center rowspan=3| year
| align=center colspan=4| '''GDP'''
| align=center colspan=3| '''GDP per capita (GDPpc)<br />''' ''based on mid-year population ''
| align=center colspan=2| '''Reference index'''
|- align=center
| align=center colspan=3| GDP ''in millions''
| align=center rowspan=2| real<br />growth<br />(%)
| align=center colspan=3| GDPpc
| align=center colspan=2| exchange rate<br />''1 foreign currency<br /> to CNY ''
|- align=center
||[[Renminbi|CNY]]
||[[United States dollar|USD]]
||[[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]<br />([[Geary–Khamis dollar|Int'l$.]])
||CNY
||USD
||PPP<br />(Int'l$.)
||USD 1
||Int'l$. 1<br />(PPP)
|- align=right
||2016||6,802,449||1,024,110||1,943,057||7.6||68,733||10,348||19,633||6.6423||3.5009
|- align=right
||2015||6,393,074||1,026,439||1,801,120||8.0||65,114||10,454||18,345||6.2284||3.5495
|- align=right
||2014||6,030,036||981,643||1,698,410||8.7||61,774||10,056||17,399||6.1428||3.5504
|- align=right
||2013||5,602,372||904,601||1,566,265||9.6||57,702||9,317||16,132||6.1932||3.5769
|- align=right
||2012||5,071,045||803,334||1,428,142||9.9||52,490||8,315||14,783||6.3125||3.5508
|- align=right
||2011||4,543,951||703,529||1,296,235||10.9||47,416||7,341||13,526||6.4588||3.5055
|- align=right
||2010||3,962,074||585,283||1,196,784||12.3||41,579||6,142||12,559||6.7695||3.3106
|- align=right
||2009||3,425,154||501,413||1,084,768||12.2||36,270||5,310||11,487||6.8310||3.1575
|- align=right
||2008||3,123,138||449,689||983,108||12.1||33,253||4,788||10,467||6.9451||3.1768
|- align=right
||2007||2,599,074||341,804||862,076||14.3||27,833||3,660||9,232||7.6040||3.0149
|- align=right
||2006||2,205,967||276,721||766,573||14.7||23,775||2,982||8,262||7.9718||2.8777
|- align=right
||2005||1,849,700||225,802||646,974||15.1||20,075||2,451||7,022||8.1917||2.8590
|- align=right
||2000||833,747||100,714||306,604||10.3||9,326||1,127||3,430||8.2784||2.7193
|- align=right
||1990||151,119||31,594||88,758||5.3||1,815||379||1,066||4.7832||1.7026
|- align=right
||1980||29,213||19,496||19,534||12.2||402||268||269||1.4984||1.4955
|- align=right
||1978||22,545||14,498||||10.1||316||203||||1.5550||
|- align=right
||1970||12,631||5,131||||15.7||199||81||||2.4618||
|- align=right
||1965||8,625||3,504||||22.0||152||62||||2.4618||
|- align=right
||1957||6,139||2,358||||-3.5||116||45||||2.6040||
|- align=right
||1952||4,381||1,971||||||91||41||||2.2227||
|}

=== Wine industry ===
{{See also|Wine in China}}

[[File:Chinese-Vineyards.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Shandong coastal vineyards]]
The production of wine is the second largest{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture.

Geographically, the [[coastal]] areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals and [[organic matter]] that enable full development of the [[root]] systems.

Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway (both are in [[Yantai]]). The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wines-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759.html|title=The wine output of Yantai will reach 230000 kiloliters in 2008|date=2008-12-30|publisher=China Wines Information Website|access-date=2009-06-28|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215013857/http://wines-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759.html}}</ref> Main varieties such as [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Cabernet Gernischt]], [[Merlot]], [[Riesling]] and [[Chardonnay]] are all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%.

'''Major producers'''
*[[Changyu|Changyu Pioneer Wine Co.]]
*[[Great Wall Wine|China Great Wall Wine Co. Ltd.]]

=== Economic and technological development zones ===
*[[Jinan]] High-tech Industrial Development Zone
Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of {{convert|83|km2|abbr=on}} that is divided into a central area covering {{convert|33|km2|abbr=on}}, an export processing district of {{convert|10|km2|abbr=on}}, and an eastern extension area of {{convert|40|km2|abbr=on}}. Since its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*[[Jinan]] Export Processing Zone
The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the [[Jinan Airport]] are {{convert|9|and|18|km|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/jinan-export-processing-zone/|title=Ji'nan Export Processing Zone|date=n.d.|publisher=RightSite.Asia|access-date=2022-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111195542/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/jinan-export-processing-zone/}}</ref>
* [[Qingdao]] Economic & Technological Development Area

Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of {{convert|12.5|km2|abbr=on}}. In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27.51 billion, which increased by 28.9%; the total industrial output value is ¥60.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global [[Fortune 500]] in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening-up, [[Haier]], [[Hisense]], Aucma, [[Sinopec]], [[China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation|CSIC]], [[CNOOC]], [[CIMC]] etc. are all located in the zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/qingdao-economic-and-technical-development-zone/|title=Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone|date=n.d.|publisher=RightSite.Asia|access-date=2022-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207025643/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/qingdao-economic-and-technical-development-zone/}}</ref>
* [[Qingdao]] Free Trade Zone

The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992. The zone is {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It is also close to [[Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal]]. At present, more than 40 foreign-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Qingdao]] High-tech Industrial Zone

The State Council approved Qingdao High-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992. The zone is located close to [[Qingdao Liuting Airport]] and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science & technology, national defense technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/qingdao-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/|title=Qingdao Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone|date=n.d.|publisher=RightSite.Asia|access-date=2022-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120191025/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/qingdao-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/}}</ref>
* [[Weifang]] Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA)
Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by the State Council. Covering an area of {{convert|677|km2|abbr=on}}, BEDA has a population of 100,000. BEDA possesses a large state-owned industrial land for use with an area of {{convert|400|km2|abbr=on}}. The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating the Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco-Industry Park.
*[[Weihai]] Economic & Technological Development Zone
Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992. The administrative area has an area of {{convert|194|km2|abbr=on}}, including the programmed area of {{convert|36|km2|abbr=on}} and an initial area of {{convert|11.88|km2|abbr=on}}. Its nearest port is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*[[Weihai]] Export Processing Zone
Weihai Export & Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27, 2000. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone with programmed area of {{convert|2.6|km2|abbr=on}}. Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export & processing zone. The EPZ is located {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} to Weihai Airport, {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} to [[Weihai railway station]] and {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} to Weihai Harbor.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*[[Weihai]] Torch Hi-Tech Science Park
Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council in March 1991. Located in Weihai's northwest zone of culture, education and science, the Park has the total area of {{convert|111.9|km2|sp=us}}, the coastal line of {{convert|30.5|km|sp=us}} and 150,000 residents. It is {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} away from the city center, {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} away from Weihai Port, {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} away from Weihai railway station, {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} away from Weihai Airport and {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} away from Yantai Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/weihai-torch-hi-tech-science-park|title=Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park|date=n.d.|publisher=RightSite.Asia|access-date=2022-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303203037/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/weihai-torch-hi-tech-science-park}}</ref>
* [[Yantai]] Economic and Technological Development Area
Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state level economic development zones in China. It now has planned area of {{convert|10|km2|abbr=on}} and a population of 115,000. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the [[Yellow Sea]]. It adjoins to downtown Yantai, merely {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Yantai Port]], {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Yantai railway station]], and a 30-minute drive to [[Yantai International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yantai-economic-and-technological-development-area/|title=Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area|date=n.d.|publisher=RightSide.Asia|access-date=2022-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209052642/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yantai-economic-and-technological-development-area/}}</ref>
* [[Yantai]] Export Processing Zone
Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is {{convert|4.17|m2|abbr=on}}, in which the initial zone covers {{convert|3|km2|abbr=on}}. After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, standard workshops of {{convert|120,000|m2|sqyd|abbr=on}} and bonded warehouses of {{convert|40,000|m2|abbr=on}} have been built up. Up to now, owning perfect investment environment and conditions, YTEPZ has attracted investors both from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc., and from the domestic to invest and operate in the zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yantai-export-processing-zone/|title=Yantai Export Processing Zone|date=n.d.|publisher=RightSite.Asia|access-date=2022-08-09|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510115040/http://rightsite.asia:80/en/industrial-zone/yantai-export-processing-zone}}</ref>
* [[Zibo]] National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone