Editing Serfdom (section)

====Bordars and cottagers====
In England, the [[Domesday Book]], of 1086, uses {{Lang|ang|bordarii}} (bordar) and {{Lang|ang|cottarii}} ([[Cotter (farmer)|cottar]]) as interchangeable terms, ''cottar'' deriving from the native Anglo-Saxon tongue whereas ''bordar'' derived from the French.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Hallam|editor-first= H.E.|editor2-last=Finberg|editor3-last=Thirsk |editor3-first=Joan |title=The Agrarian History of England and Wales: 1042–1350|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-20073-3|page=58}}</ref>

[[File:Supplice du Grand Knout.jpg|thumb|Punishment with a [[knout]]. Whipping was a common punishment for [[Serfdom in Russia|Russian serfs]].<ref>Chapman, Tim (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EJCOl7S0UYgC&pg=PA83 Imperial Russia, 1801–1905] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513021134/https://books.google.com/books?id=EJCOl7S0UYgC&pg=PA83&dq&hl=en |date=13 May 2016}}''. Routledge. p. 83. {{ISBN|0-415-23110-8}}</ref>]]

Status-wise, the bordar or cottar ranked below a villein in the social hierarchy of a manor, holding a [[cottage]], garden and just enough land to feed a family. In England, at the time of the Domesday Survey, this would have comprised between about {{convert|1|and|5|acre|ha|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="mcgarry242">Daniel D. McGarry, ''Medieval History and Civilization'' (1976) p. 242</ref> Under an [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] [[statute]], the [[Erection of Cottages Act 1588]], the cottage had to be built with at least {{convert|4|acre|km2 sqmi|2}} of land.<ref name="elmes178">{{Cite book|last=Elmes|first=James|title=On Architectural Jurisprudence; in which the Constitutions, Canons, Laws and Customs etc |publisher=W.Benning|location=London|year=1827|pages=178–179}}</ref> The later [[inclosure act]]s (1604 onwards) removed the cottars' right to any land: "before the Enclosures Act the cottager was a farm labourer with land and after the Enclosures Act the cottager was a farm labourer without land".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hammond|first=J. L. |author-link1=John Lawrence Hammond|author2=Barbara Hammond |author-link2=Barbara Hammond|title=The Village Labourer 1760–1832|publisher=Longman Green & Co|location=London|year=1912|page=100}}</ref>{{better source|date=July 2023}}

The bordars and cottars did not own their draught oxen or horses. The Domesday Book showed that England comprised 12% freeholders, 35% serfs or villeins, 30% cotters and bordars, and 9% slaves.<ref name="mcgarry242" />