Editing Scientific Revolution (section)

===Institutionalization===
[[File:Gresham College from Record of RS.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Society]] had its origins in [[Gresham College]] in the [[City of London]], and was the first scientific society in the world.]]
The first moves towards the institutionalization of scientific investigation and dissemination took the form of the establishment of societies, where new discoveries were aired, discussed, and published. The first scientific society to be established was the [[Royal Society]] of London. This grew out of an earlier group, centered around [[Gresham College and the formation of the Royal Society|Gresham College]] in the 1640s and 1650s. According to a history of the college:

<blockquote>The scientific network which centered on Gresham College played a crucial part in the meetings which led to the formation of the Royal Society.<ref>Chartres, Richard and Vermont, David (1998) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120612121813/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/greshamftp/historygreshm_bk2.pdf A Brief History of Gresham College]. Gresham College. {{ISBN|0-947822-16-X}}. p. 38</ref></blockquote>

These physicians and natural philosophers were influenced by the "new science", as promoted by Bacon in his ''[[New Atlantis]]'', from approximately 1645 onwards. A group known as ''The Philosophical Society of Oxford'' was run under a set of rules still retained by the [[Bodleian Library]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/RS.html|title=London Royal Society|publisher=[[University of St Andrews]]|access-date=8 December 2009|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414152731/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/RS.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 28 November 1660, the "1660 committee of 12" announced the formation of a "College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning", which would meet weekly to discuss science and run experiments. At the second meeting, [[Robert Moray]] announced that [[Charles II of England|King Charles]] approved of the gatherings, and a [[royal charter]] was signed on 15 July 1662 creating the "Royal Society of London", with [[William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker|Lord Brouncker]] serving as the first president. A second royal charter was signed on 23 April 1663, with the king noted as the founder and with the name of "the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge"; [[Robert Hooke]] was appointed as curator of experiments in November. This initial royal favour has continued, and since then every monarch has been the patron of the society.<ref name="pw">{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/News.aspx?id=973&terms=prince+of+wales|title=Prince of Wales opens Royal Society's refurbished building|date=7 July 2004|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=7 December 2009|archive-date=20 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520230010/https://royalsociety.org/news.aspx?id=973&terms=prince+of+wales|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Académie des Sciences 1698.jpg|thumb|The French [[Academy of Sciences]] was established in 1666.]]

The society's first secretary was [[Henry Oldenburg]]. Its early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by [[Denis Papin]], who was appointed in 1684. These experiments varied in their subject area and were important in some cases and trivial in others.<ref name=hen1>Henderson (1941) p. 29</ref> The society began publication of ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|Philosophical Transactions]]'' from 1665, the oldest and longest-running scientific journal in the world, which established the important principles of [[scientific priority]] and [[peer review]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ | title = Philosophical Transactions − the world's first science journal | publisher = The Royal Society | access-date = 22 November 2015 | archive-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181106193718/http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

The French established the [[French Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]] in 1666. In contrast to the private origins of its British counterpart, the academy was founded as a government body by [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]]. Its rules were set down in 1699 by King [[Louis XIV]], when it received the name of 'Royal Academy of Sciences' and was installed in the [[Louvre]] in Paris.