Editing Sailing ship (section)

=== 1850 to 1900 ===
{{Main|Iron-hulled sailing ship}}
[[Iron-hulled sailing ship]]s, often referred to as "[[windjammer]]s" or "[[tall ship]]s",<ref name="Schäuffelen 2005">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgMRudqoLGQC&pg=PA46|title=Chapman Great Sailing Ships of the World|last=Schäuffelen|first=Otmar|date=2005|publisher=Hearst Books|isbn=9781588163844|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027232647/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgMRudqoLGQC&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> represented the final evolution of sailing ships at the end of the Age of Sail. They were built to carry bulk cargo for long distances in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were the largest of merchant sailing ships, with three to five masts and square sails, as well as other [[sail plan]]s. They carried [[lumber]], [[guano]], [[grain]] or [[ore]] between continents. Later examples had steel hulls. Iron-hulled sailing ships were mainly built from the 1870s to 1900, when [[steamship]]s began to outpace them economically, due to their ability to keep a schedule regardless of the wind. Steel hulls also replaced iron hulls at around the same time. Even into the twentieth century, sailing ships could hold their own on transoceanic voyages such as Australia to Europe, since they did not require [[Coal bunker|bunkerage]] for coal nor fresh water for steam, and they were faster than the early steamers, which usually could barely make {{Convert|8|kn|km/h|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOUjAQAAMAAJ|title=Men and Ships Around Cape Horn, 1616–1939|last=Randier|first=Jean|date=1968|publisher=Barker|isbn=9780213764760|pages=338|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027232648/https://books.google.com/books?id=OOUjAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The four-masted, iron-hulled ship, introduced in 1875 with the full-rigged {{ship||County of Peebles|ship|2}}, represented an especially efficient configuration that prolonged the competitiveness of sail against steam in the later part of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gone – a chronicle of the seafarers & fabulous clipper ships of R & J Craig of Glasgow : Craig's "Counties" |last=Cumming |first=Bill |date=2009 |publisher=Brown, Son & Ferguson |isbn=9781849270137 |location=Glasgow |oclc=491200437}}</ref> The largest example of such ships was the five-masted, [[full-rigged ship]] {{ship||Preussen|ship|2}}, which had a load capacity of 7,800 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE3OVHLYjnEC&pg=PA8-IA4|title=Container Ships and Oil Tankers|last1=Sutherland|first1=Jonathan|last2=Canwell|first2=Diane|date=2007-07-07|publisher=Gareth Stevens|isbn=9780836883770|language=en|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027232752/https://books.google.com/books?id=rE3OVHLYjnEC&pg=PA8-IA4#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Ships transitioned from all sail to all steam-power from the mid 19th century into the 20th.<ref name="Schäuffelen 2005"/> Five-masted ''Preussen'' used [[Steam engine|steam power]] for driving the [[winch]]es, [[Hoist (device)|hoists]] and [[pump]]s, and could be manned by a crew of 48, compared with four-masted ''[[Kruzenshtern (ship)|Kruzenshtern]]'', which has a crew of 257.<ref name=":0A">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2009/04/sailing-ships-large-crew-automated-control.html|title=Sailing at the touch of a button|last=Staff|date=April 13, 2009|website=Low-Tech Magazine|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=2017-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204031410/http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2009/04/sailing-ships-large-crew-automated-control.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Coastal top-sail schooners with a crew as small as two managing the sail handling became an efficient way to carry bulk cargo, since only the fore-sails required tending while [[Tacking (sailing)|tacking]] and steam-driven machinery was often available for raising the sails and the [[anchor]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sailingshipsand00chatgoog|title=Sailing Ships and Their Story :the Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|last=Chatterton|first=Edward Keble|date=1915|publisher=Lippincott|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sailingshipsand00chatgoog/page/n374 298]|language=en}}</ref>