Editing Russian literature (section)

====Soviet nonconformism====
{{See also|Soviet nonconformist art}}

Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, like short-story writer [[Varlam Shalamov]] (1907–1982) and Nobel Prize-winning novelist [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] (1918–2008), who wrote about life in the [[gulag]] camps, or [[Vasily Grossman]] (1905–1964), with his description of World War II events countering the Soviet official historiography (his epic novel ''[[Life and Fate]]'' (1959) was not published in the Soviet Union until the ''[[perestroika]]''). Such writers, dubbed "[[dissidents]]", could not publish their major works until the 1960s.<ref name="accursed">[https://smokestack-books.co.uk/book.php?book=189 ''Accursed Poets: Dissident Poetry from Soviet Russia 1960–80''], ed. and trans. by [[Anatoly Kudryavitsky]], Thirsk, UK: Smokestack Books, 2020, {{ISBN|978-1-9161-3929-9}}.</ref>

Modernist and [[Postmodern literature|Postmodern]] dissident literature{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|pp=688–694}} was related and partially coincided with the [[Soviet nonconformist art]] movement. From 1953 to 1957, the ''Mansard Group''—first unofficial poetry group—existed till its leader Leonid Chertkov (1933–2000) was imprisoned, among other members Galina Andreeva (1933–2016) and Stanislav Krasovitsky (b. 1935). Another poetry group of '50s in Leningrad was the ''Philological School'' that included Mikhail Eremin (1936–2022), Sergey Kulle (1936–1984), Leonid Vinogradov (1936–2004) and poet and artist [[Vladimir Uflyand]] (1937–2007). Some poets were both artists or participants and inspirers of art groups, such as Evgenii Kropivnitsky (1893–1979), [[Igor Kholin]], [[Genrikh Sapgir]], [[Vilen Barskyi]] (1930–2012), Roald Mandelstam (1932–1961), Vsevolod Nekrasov (1934–2009), Mikhail Eremin (1936–2022), [[Igor Sinyavin]] (1937–2000), [[Alexei Khvostenko]] (1940–2004), [[Dmitri Prigov|Dmitry Prigov]] (1940–2007), Kari Unksova (1941–1983), [[Ry Nikonova]] (1942–2014), [[Oleg Grigoriev]] (1943–1992), Valery Kholodenko (1945–1993), [[Serge Segay]] (1947–2014), and [[Vladimir Sorokin]] (b. 1955).{{sfn|Rosenfeld|Dodge|1995}}

But the late 1950s thaw did not last long. In the 1970s, some of the most prominent authors were not only banned from publishing but were also prosecuted for their anti-Soviet sentiments, or for [[parasitism]], thus writers [[Yuli Daniel]] (1925–1988) and [[Leonid Borodin]] (1938–2011) was imprisoned. Solzhenitsyn and Nobel Prize–winning poet [[Joseph Brodsky]] (1940–1996) were expelled from the country.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998}} Others, such as writers and poets David Dar (1910–1980), [[Viktor Nekrasov]] (1911–1987), [[Lev Kopelev]] (1912–1997), [[Alexander Galich (writer)|Aleksandr Galich]] (1918–1977), [[Arkadiy Belinkov]] (1921–2019), Elizaveta Mnatsakanova (1922–2006), [[Alexander Zinoviev]] (1922–2006), [[Naum Korzhavin]] (1925–2018), [[Andrei Sinyavsky]] (1925–1997), Arkady Lvov (1927–2020), [[Yuz Aleshkovsky]] (1929–2022), [[Anatoly Kuznetsov]] (1929–1979), Vilen Barskyi, [[Vladimir Maksimov (writer)|Vladimir Maksimov]] (1930–1995), [[Yuri Mamleev]] (1931–2015), [[Georgi Vladimov]] (1931–2003), [[Vasily Aksyonov]] (1932–2009), [[Vladimir Voinovich]] (1932–2018), Leonid Chertkov, [[Anatoly Gladilin]] (1935–2018), [[Anri Volokhonsky]] (1936–2017), [[Andrei Bitov]] (1937–2018), Igor Sinyavin, Alexei Khvostenko, [[Sergei Dovlatov]] (1941–1990), [[Eduard Limonov]] (1943–2020), and [[Sasha Sokolov]] (b. 1943), had to emigrate to the West,{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|pp=536–542}} while Oleg Grigoriev and [[Venedict Yerofeyev|Venedikt Yerofeyev]] (1938–1990) "emigrated" to alcoholism, and repressed still in Stalinist years poet Yury Aikhenvald (1928–1993) with some others to translations, and Kari Unksova and [[Yury Dombrovsky]] (1909–1978) were murdered, Dombrovsky shortly after publishing his novel ''[[The Faculty of Useless Knowledge]]'' (1975). Their books were not published officially until the ''perestroika'' period of the 1980s, although fans continued to reprint them manually in a manner called "''[[samizdat]]''" (self-publishing).{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|pp=554–557}}

In 1960s arose unofficial Soviet [[second Russian avant-garde]] and [[Russian postmodernism]]. In 1965–72, at Leningrad existed the avantgardist [[Absurdist fiction|Absurdist]] poetic and writing group "Khelenkuts", which included Vladimir Erl and Aleksandr Mironov, among others. Andrei Bitov was Postmodernism first proponent. In 1970, Venedikt Erofeyev's [[surrealism|surrealist]] postmodern prose poem ''[[Moscow-Petushki]]'' was published via ''samizdat''.{{sfn|Epstein|Genis|Vladiv-Glover|2016|p=95}}{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|pp=693–694}} The Soviet emigrant Sasha Sokolov wrote surrealist ''[[A School for Fools]]'' in 1973 and the completely postmodern novel ''Between Dog and Wolf'' in 1980.{{sfn|McMillin|2000|p=218}} 
Other remarkable postmodern novels were Eduard Limonov's ''[[It's Me, Eddie]]'', Vladimir Voinovich's ''[[The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin]]'', Vasily Aksyonov's ''The Island of Crimea'' and [[Vladimir Sorokin]]'s ''The Norm''. Sergei Dovlatov, [[Valery Popov (writer)|Valery Popov]], and [[Yevgeni Anatolyevich Popov|Yevgeni Popov]] predominantly wrote short stories. Since '70s there were such postmodern unofficial movements as [[Moscow Conceptualists]] with elements of [[concrete poetry]]{{sfn|Rosenfeld|Dodge|1995|p=332|loc="A View from Moscow"}}{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|pp=631–635}} (Vsevolod Nekrasov, Dmitry Prigov, writer and literary scholar [[Viktor Yerofeyev]], [[Lev Rubinstein]], Timur Kibirov, early Vladimir Sorokin) and [[Metarealism]], namely metaphysical realism, used complex metaphors which they called meta-metaphors (Konstantin Kedrov, [[Viktor Krivulin]], Elena Katsyuba, Ivan Zhdanov, [[Elena Shvarts]],{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|pp=593–599}} Vladimir Aristov, Aleksandr Yeryomenko, scholar Svetlana Kekova, [[Yuri Arabov]], [[Alexei Parshchikov]], Sergei Nadeem and Nikolai Kononov).{{sfn|Johnson|Ashby|1992|pp=10, 53, 184}}{{sfn|Epstein|Genis|Vladiv-Glover|2016|pp=169–176|loc=[http://www.emory.edu/INTELNET/e.pm.concept.metareal.html Theses on Metarealism and Conceptualism]}}{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|pp=639–641}} [[Arkadii Dragomoshchenko]] is considered the foremost representative of the [[language poets|Language Poets]] in Russian literature.<ref>{{citation |surname = Watten |given = Barrett |authorlink = Barrett Watten |title = Post-Soviet subjectivity in Arkadii Dragomoshchenko and Ilya Kabakov |journal = [[Postmodern Culture]] |volume = 3 |issue = 2 |pages = |date = January 1993 |doi=10.1353/pmc.1993.0018 |s2cid = 144239001}}</ref> In [[Yeysk]], there was the "Transfurist" group of mixing verbal, [[sound poetry|sound]] and [[visual poetry]] (Ry Nikonova and Serge Segay, among others). As mentioned Leonid Vinogradov, as well as members of ''List of characters'' group Mikhail Faynerman and Ivan Akhmetyev were exponents of [[Minimalism#Literature|Minimalist]] verse. The banned from publishing [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] and Russian poet [[Gennadiy Aygi]] had been creating experimental surrealist verses<ref name="accursed" /> as follows:

{{blockquote|<poem>
''And we utter a few words — simply because''
''we’re scared of silence''
''and deem any movement dangerous''
</poem>|sign=[[Gennadiy Aygi]]|source=''Our Way'', translated by [[Anatoly Kudryavitsky]]<ref name="accursed" />}}

Among other underground poets and writers were the exponent of [[stream of consciousness]] prose [[Pavel Ulitin]], [[Dmitry Avaliani]], [[Yevgeny Kharitonov (poet)|Yevgeny Kharitonov]], economist and poet Yevgeny Saburov, Elena Ignatova, Mikhail Aizenberg and Yevgeny Bunimovich, as well partially banned [[Vladimir Dudintsev]], [[Fazil Iskander]] and [[Olga Sedakova (poet)|Olga Sedakova]].

<gallery widths="120" heights="120" perrow="6">
File:Vasily Aksyonov 1980.jpg|[[Vasily Aksyonov]]
File:YuzAleshkovsky.jpg|[[Yuz Aleshkovsky]]
File:Andrei Bitov.jpg|[[Andrei Bitov]]
File:Josef Brodsky crop.jpg|[[Joseph Brodsky]]
File:Atd for wiki.jpg|[[Arkadii Dragomoshchenko]]
File:EarlМ.jpg|Vladimir Erl
File:Kekova SV.jpg|Svetlana Kekova
File:10 haritonov1.jpg|[[Yevgeny Kharitonov (poet)|Yevgeny Kharitonov]]
File:Viktor Krivulin.jpg|[[Viktor Krivulin]]
File:В. Некрасов, Париж, декабрь 1978..jpg|[[Viktor Nekrasov]]
File:VGPopov.jpg|[[Valery Popov (writer)|Valery Popov]]
File:Prigov.jpg|[[Dmitri Prigov|Dmitry Prigov]]
File:Sapgir.jpg|[[Genrikh Sapgir]]
File:Varlam Shalamov-NKVD crooped.jpg|[[Varlam Shalamov]]
File:LenaShvartz.jpg|[[Elena Shvarts]]
File:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1974crop.jpg|[[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]
File:Pavel Ulitin 1954.jpg|[[Pavel Ulitin]]
</gallery>