Editing Romantic music (section)

==Schools==
===New German School===
{{Main|New German School}}
[[File: Franz Liszt 1858.jpg|thumb|upright| Franz Liszt in 1858 by [[Franz Hanfstaengl]]]]
The New German School was a loose collection of composers and critics informally led by [[Franz Liszt]] and [[Richard Wagner]] who strove for pushing the limits of [[Chromaticism|chromatic harmony]] and [[program music]] as opposed to [[absolute music]] which they believed had reached its limit under [[Ludwig van Beethoven]].<ref>{{harvp|Brendel|1858|p=111}}</ref>

This group also pushed for the development and innovation of the [[symphonic poem]], [[thematic transformation]] in [[musical form]], and radical changes in [[tonality]] and [[harmony]].{{sfn|Searle|loc=11:28–29}}

Other important members of this movement includes the critic [[Richard Pohl]] and composers [[Felix Draeseke]], [[Julius Reubke]], [[Karl Klindworth]], [[William Mason (composer)|William Mason]], and [[Peter Cornelius]].

=== The German Conservatives===
[[File:Schumann-photo1850.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Schumann]] in an 1850 [[daguerreotype]]]]
The conservatives were a broad group of musicians and critics who maintained the artistic legacy of [[Robert Schumann]] who adhered to composing and promoting [[absolute music]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burger|first=Ernst|title=Robert Schumann|publisher=Schott|year=1999|location=Mainz|page=334}}</ref>

They believed in continuing along the footsteps of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] of composing the [[Symphony|symphony genre]] in the classical mold, though they would implement their own musical language.<ref>Bonds, ''New Grove'' (2001), 24:835, 837.</ref>

The most prominent members of this circle were [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Joseph Joachim]], [[Clara Schumann]], and the [[Leipzig Conservatoire]], which had been founded by [[Felix Mendelssohn]].

===The Mighty Five===
{{Main|The Five (composers)}}
[[File:Mighty Handful.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Mily Balakirev|Balakirev]] (top), [[César Cui|Cui]] (upper left), [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]] (upper right), [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]] (lower left), and [[Alexander Borodin|Borodin]] (lower right).]]
The Mighty Five were a group of Russian composers centered in [[Saint Petersburg]] who collaborated with each other from 1856 to 1870 to create a distinctly [[Russian classical music|Russian national style of classical music]]. They were often at odds with [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] who favored a more Western approach to classical composition.

Led by [[Mily Balakirev]] the group's main members also consisted of [[César Cui]], [[Modest Mussorgsky]], [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Alexander Borodin]].

===The Belyayev Circle===
{{Main|Belyayev circle}}
The Belyayev circle was a society of Russian musicians who met in [[Saint Petersburg]] from 1885 and 1908 who sought to continue the development of the national [[Russian classical music|Russian style of classical music]] following in the footsteps of the Mighty Five although they were far more tolerant of the Western compositional style of [[Tchaikovsky]].

This group was founded by Russian music publisher philanthropist [[Mitrofan Belyayev]]. The two most important composers of this group were [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Alexander Glazunov]]. Members also included [[Vladimir Stasov]], [[Anatoly Lyadov]], [[Alexander Ossovsky]], [[Witold Maliszewski]], [[Nikolai Tcherepnin]], [[Nikolay Sokolov (composer)|Nikolay Sokolov]], and [[Alexander Winkler (composer)|Alexander Winkler]].