Editing Richard II (play) (section)

====The rise of a Machiavellian king====
The play ends with the rise of Bolingbroke to the throne, marking the start of a new era in England. According to historical research, an English translation of [[Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince]]'' might have existed as early as 1585, influencing the reigns of the kings of England. Critic Irving Ribner notes that a manifestation of [[Niccolò Machiavelli#The Prince|Machiavellian philosophy]] may be seen in Bolingbroke.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ribner |first1=Irving |title=Bolingbroke, A True Machiavellian |journal=[[Modern Language Quarterly]] |date=1 June 1948 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1215/00267929-9-2-177}}</ref> Machiavelli wrote ''The Prince'' during a time of political chaos in Italy, and writes down a formula by which a leader can lead the country out of turmoil and return it to prosperity. Bolingbroke seems to be a leader coming into power at a time England is in turmoil, and follows closely the formula stated by Machiavelli. At the start of ''Richard II'', Bolingbroke accuses Mowbray and ulteriorly attacks the government of King Richard. He keeps Northumberland by his side as a tool to control certain constituents. From the minute Bolingbroke comes into power, he destroys the faithful supporters of Richard such as Bushy, Green and the Earl of Wiltshire. Also, Bolingbroke is highly concerned with the maintenance of legality to the kingdom, an important principle of Machiavellian philosophy, and therefore makes Richard surrender his crown and physical accessories to erase any doubt as to the real heir to the throne. Yet, Irving Ribner still notes a few incidents where Bolingbroke does not follow true Machiavellian philosophy, such as his failure to destroy Aumerle, but such incidents are minuscule compared with the bigger events of the play. Even Bolingbroke's last statement follows Machiavellian philosophy as he alludes to making a voyage to the Holy Land, since Machiavellian philosophy states rulers must appear pious.<ref>Newlin, T. Jeanne. ''Richard II: Critical Essays''. New York: Garland Publishing Inc, 1984, 95–103.</ref> Therefore, this particular play can be viewed as a turning point in the history of England as the throne is taken over by a more commanding king in comparison to King Richard II.