Editing Reproductive technology (section)

== Advancements in Reproductive Technology ==
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'''Cryopreservation of Oocytes'''

Cryopreservation techniques have significantly evolved in recent decades, enabling the long-term storage of human oocytes and embryos for fertility preservation. The introduction of '''vitrification''', a rapid-freezing method that prevents the formation of ice crystals, has markedly improved post-thaw survival rates and oocyte viability. This method employs high concentrations of cryoprotectants to ensure cellular integrity while maintaining spindle structure and chromosomal alignment.

* '''Applications:''' Vitrification is widely used in cancer patients undergoing gonadotoxic treatments, women delaying childbearing for personal or medical reasons, and individuals participating in donor egg programs.
* '''Challenges:''' Despite its efficacy, vitrification necessitates precise protocols to mitigate osmotic stress during the introduction and removal of cryoprotectants. Research continues to focus on optimizing cryoprotectant formulations and reducing toxicity.

'''Ovarian Reserve Assessment'''

Accurate assessment of ovarian reserve has become a cornerstone of individualized reproductive treatment plans. '''Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)''' and '''antral follicle count (AFC)''' are the primary markers used to evaluate the remaining oocyte pool. AMH, secreted by granulosa cells of preantral and small antral follicles, offers a cycle-independent, minimally invasive method for predicting ovarian response in assisted reproductive technology (ART).

* '''Age-Related Decline:''' Ovarian reserve diminishes progressively with age, with a notable acceleration after the mid-30s. This decline impacts both the quantity and chromosomal quality of oocytes, emphasizing the importance of early fertility counseling.
* '''Emerging Technologies:''' Advances in molecular biology, such as single-cell transcriptomics, are being explored to refine ovarian reserve assessments and predict reproductive outcomes more accurately.

'''Ethical Considerations'''

The use of reproductive technologies, particularly for non-medical fertility preservation, has raised ethical questions. Critics argue that societal pressures may drive unnecessary interventions, while proponents highlight the empowerment of individuals in making reproductive choices. Balancing accessibility and ethical integrity remains a key challenge for the field.