Editing Remote work (section)

====Costs to grounding change====

The lack of one of these characteristics generally forces participants to use alternative grounding techniques, because the costs associated with grounding change. There is often a trade-off between the costs: one cost will increase as another decreases. There is also often a correlation between the costs. The following table highlights several of the costs that can change as the medium of communication changes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gergle |first1=D. |last2=Kraut |first2=R. E. |last3=Fussell |first3=S. R. |title=Using Visual Information for grounding and awareness in collaborative tasks; in press |journal=Human Computer Interaction}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" | Cost
! scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" | Paid By
|-
! align="center" | Formulation
|Time and effort increase as utterances are created and revised and as utterances become more complicated.
|Speaker
|-
! align="center" | Production
|Effort invested in producing a message varies depending on the medium of communication.
|Speaker
|-
! align="center" | Reception
|Listening is generally easier than reading.
|Addressee
|-
! align="center" | Understanding
|Costs are higher the more often that the addressee has to formulate the appropriate context of the conversation.
|Addressee
|-
! align="center" | Start-up
|The cost of starting up a new discourse. Attention needs to be commanded, the message formulated, and the message needs to be received.
|Both
|-
! align="center" | Delay
|The cost of delaying an utterance in order to more carefully plan, revise and execute the communication.
|Both
|-
! align="center" | Asynchrony
|The cost associated with the work required to cue one participant to stop and another to start.
|Both
|-
! align="center" | Speaker change
|The cost associated with the work required to cue one participant to stop and another to start.
|Both
|-
! align="center" | Display
|The cost associated with displaying non-verbal cues.
|Both
|-
! align="center" | Fault
|The cost associated with producing a mistaken message.
|Both
|-
! align="center" | Repair
|The cost to repair the message and send the correct one.
|Both
|}