Editing Redlining (section)

=== Retail ===
==== Brick and mortar ====
[[Retail]] redlining is a spatially discriminatory practice among retailers. [[Taxicab]] services and [[Food delivery|delivery food]] may not serve certain areas, based on their ethnic-minority composition and assumptions about business (and perceived crime), rather than data and economic criteria, such as the potential profitability of operating in those areas. Consequently, consumers in these areas are vulnerable to prices set by fewer retailers. They may be exploited by retailers who charge higher prices and/or offer them inferior goods.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/0276146705280632 |title=Retail Redlining: Definition, Theory, Typology, and Measurement |journal=Journal of Macromarketing |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=175–186 |year=2005 |last1=d'Rozario |first1=Denver |last2=Williams |first2=Jerome D. |s2cid=54818600 }}</ref>

==== Online ====
A 2012 study by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' found that [[Staples Inc.|Staples]], [[The Home Depot]], [[Rosetta Stone (software)|Rosetta Stone]] and some other online retailers displayed different prices to customers in different locations (distinct from shipping prices). Staples based discounts on proximity to competitors like [[OfficeMax]] and [[Office Depot]]. This generally resulted in higher prices for customers in more rural areas, who were on average less wealthy than customers seeing lower prices.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Jennifer Valentino-DeVries |author2=Jeremy Singer-Vine |author3=Ashkan Soltani |newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=24 Dec 2012 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323777204578189391813881534 |title=Websites Vary Prices, Deals Based on Users' Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2012/12/24/staples-online-stores-price-changes/ |title=Staples, Home Depot, and other online stores change prices based on your location |date=24 December 2012 |access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Online price discrimination: a surprising reality in ecommerce |date=2013-05-09 |url=https://econsultancy.com/blog/62699-online-price-discrimination-a-surprising-reality-in-ecommerce |access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

==== Liquorlining ====
{{further|Whiteclay, Nebraska}}

Some service providers target low-income neighborhoods for nuisance sales. When those services are believed to have adverse effects on a community, they may considered to be a form of "reverse redlining". The term "liquorlining" is sometimes used to describe high densities of liquor stores in low income and/or minority communities relative to surrounding areas. High densities of liquor stores are associated with crime and public health issues, which may in turn drive away supermarkets, grocery stores, and other retail outlets, contributing to low levels of economic development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://woodstockinst.org/document/liquorlining.pdf |title=Liquorlining: Liquor Store Concentration and Community Development in Lower-income Cook County Neighborhoods |last1=Maxwell |first1=Ann |last2=Daniel |first2=Immergluck |date=January 1997 |publisher=Woodstock Institute |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416121921/http://woodstockinst.org/document/liquorlining.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Controlled for income, nonwhites face higher concentrations of liquor stores than do whites. One study done on "liquorlining" found that, in urban neighborhoods, there is weak correlation between demand for alcohol and supply of liquor stores.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Romley |first1=John A. |last2=Cohen |first2=Deborah |last3=Ringel |first3=Jeanne |last4=Sturm |first4=Roland |display-authors=2 |editor-last=Schuckit |editor1-first=Mark A. |date=January 2007 |title=Alcohol and Environmental Justice:The Density of Liquor Stores and Bars in Urban Neighborhoods in the United States |journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=48–55 |doi=10.15288/jsad.2007.68.48 |pmid=17149517 |via=[[RAND Corporation]] |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reprints/2008/RAND_RP1323.pdf |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>