Editing Raphael (section)

==Workshop==
Vasari says that Raphael eventually had a workshop of fifty pupils and assistants, many of whom later became significant artists in their own right. This was arguably the largest workshop team assembled under any single [[old master]] painter, and much higher than the norm. They included established masters from other parts of Italy, probably working with their own teams as sub-contractors, as well as pupils and journeymen. We have very little evidence of the internal working arrangements of the workshop, apart from the works of art themselves, which are often very difficult to assign to a particular hand.<ref>Jones and Penny:146–47, 196–97; and Pon:82–85</ref>

The most important figures were [[Giulio Romano (painter)|Giulio Romano]], a young pupil from Rome (only about twenty-one at Raphael's death), and [[Gianfrancesco Penni]], already a Florentine master. They were left many of Raphael's drawings and other possessions, and to some extent continued the workshop after Raphael's death. Penni did not achieve a personal reputation equal to Giulio's, as after Raphael's death he became Giulio's less-than-equal collaborator in turn for much of his subsequent career. [[Perino del Vaga]], already a master, and [[Polidoro da Caravaggio]], who was supposedly promoted from a labourer carrying building materials on the site, also became notable painters in their own right. Polidoro's partner, [[Maturino da Firenze]], has, like Penni, been overshadowed in subsequent reputation by his partner. [[Giovanni da Udine]] had a more independent status, and was responsible for the decorative [[stucco]] work and grotesques surrounding the main frescoes.<ref>Jones and Penny:147, 196</ref> Most of the artists were later scattered, and some killed, by the violent [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Sack of Rome in 1527]].<ref>Vasari, Life of Polidoro [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari18.htm online in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417025022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari18.htm |date=April 17, 2008 }} Maturino for one is never heard of again</ref> This did however contribute to the diffusion of versions of Raphael's style around Italy and beyond.

Vasari emphasises that Raphael ran a very harmonious and efficient workshop, and had extraordinary skill in smoothing over troubles and arguments with both patrons and his assistants—a contrast with the stormy pattern of Michelangelo's relationships with both.<ref>Vasari:207 & 231</ref> However though both Penni and Giulio were sufficiently skilled that distinguishing between their hands and that of Raphael himself is still sometimes difficult,<ref>See for example, the [[Raphael Cartoons]]</ref> there is no doubt that many of Raphael's later wall-paintings, and probably some of his easel paintings, are more notable for their design than their execution. Many of his portraits, if in good condition, show his brilliance in the detailed handling of paint right up to the end of his life.<ref>Jones & Penny:163–67 and passim</ref>

Other pupils or assistants include [[Raffaellino del Colle]], [[Andrea Sabbatini]], [[Bartolommeo Ramenghi]], [[Pellegrino Aretusi]], [[Vincenzo Tamagni]], [[Battista Dossi]], [[Tommaso Vincidor]], [[Timoteo Viti]] (the Urbino painter), and the sculptor and architect [[Lorenzetto]] (Giulio's brother-in-law).<ref>The direct transmission of training can be traced to some surprising figures, including [[Brian Eno]], [[Tom Phillips (artist)|Tom Phillips]] and [[Frank Auerbach]]</ref> The printmakers and architects in Raphael's circle are discussed below. It has been claimed the Flemish [[Bernard van Orley]] worked for Raphael for a time, and [[Luca Penni]], brother of Gianfrancesco and later a member of the [[First School of Fontainebleau]], may have been a member of the team.<ref>Vasari (full text in Italian) [http://biblio.cribecu.sns.it/cgi-bin/vasari/Vasari-all?code_f=print_page&work=le_vite&volume_n=4&page_n=197 pp. 197–98 & passim] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224204356/http://biblio.cribecu.sns.it/cgi-bin/vasari/Vasari-all?code_f=print_page&work=le_vite&volume_n=4&page_n=197 |date=December 24, 2007 }}; see also [http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ulan/ Getty Union Artist Name List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211001545/http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ulan/ |date=December 11, 2007 }} entries</ref>

===Portraits===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Raffaello - ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg|''[[Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga]]'', c. 1504
File:Rafael - Alessandro Farnese.jpg|''[[Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese]]'', {{circa|1509-1511}}
File:Pope Julius II.jpg|''[[Portrait of Pope Julius II]]'', c. 1512
File:Raffaello Sanzio - Ritratto di Bindo Altoviti.jpg|''[[Portrait of Bindo Altoviti]]'', c. 1514
File:Baldassare Castiglione, by Raffaello Sanzio, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|''[[Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione]]'', c. 1515
</gallery>