Editing Radio-frequency identification (section)

==Uses==
An RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track tools, equipment, inventory, assets, people, or other objects.

RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of [[barcode]]s. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time; barcodes can only be read one at a time using current devices. Some RFID tags, such as battery-assisted passive tags, are also able to monitor temperature and humidity.<ref>{{cite web|title=EPTLS - The Electronic Product Tag & Labelling Scheme|url=http://eptls.org/rfid.html|access-date=2019-04-22|website=eptls.org}}</ref>

In 2011, the cost of passive tags started at US$0.09 each; special tags, meant to be mounted on metal or withstand gamma sterilization, could cost up to US$5. Active tags for tracking containers, medical assets, or monitoring environmental conditions in data centers started at US$50 and could be over US$100 each.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-07|title=Barcoding Inc. - FAQ - How much does an RFID tag cost?|url=http://www.barcoding.com/faq/rfid-tag-cost.shtml|access-date=2022-03-06|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007191020/http://www.barcoding.com/faq/rfid-tag-cost.shtml|archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tags were in the US$3–10 range.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

RFID can be used in a variety of applications,<ref>{{cite web|author=Martein Meints|date=June 2007|title= D3.7 A Structured Collection on Information and Literature on Technological and Usability Aspects of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), FIDIS deliverable 3(7)|url=http://www.fidis.net/resources/deliverables/hightechid/#c1782|access-date=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Paolo Magrassi|author-link=Paolo Magrassi|year=2001|url=http://www.gartner.com|title=A World Of Smart Objects: The Role Of Auto Identification Technologies|access-date=2007-06-24}}</ref> such as:

[[File:RFkey.jpg|thumb|Electronic key for RFID based lock system]]
* Access management
* Tracking of goods
* Tracking of persons and animals<ref>Silva, S., Lowry, M., Macaya-Solis, C., Byatt, B., & Lucas, M. C. (2017). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857417300940 Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages?] A test with lampreys. Ecological engineering, 102, 291–302.</ref>
* Toll collection and [[contactless payment]]
* [[machine-readable passport|Machine readable travel documents]]
* [[Smartdust]] (for massively distributed [[sensor]] networks)
* Locating lost airport baggage<ref>{{cite news|author=Pete Harrison|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSLS63631320090728|title=EU considers overhauling rules for lost air luggage|access-date=2009-09-09| work=Reuters| date=2009-07-28}}</ref>
* [[chip timing|Timing sporting events]]
* Tracking and billing processes
* Monitoring the physical state of perishable goods<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vivaldi|first1=F.|last2=Melai|first2=B.|last3=Bonini|first3=A.|last4=Poma|first4=N.|last5=Salvo|first5=P.|last6=Kirchhain|first6=A.|last7=Tintori|first7=S.|last8=Bigongiari|first8=A.|last9=Bertuccelli|first9=F.|last10=Isola|first10=G.|last11=Di Francesco|first11=F.|date=October 2020|title=A Temperature-Sensitive RFID Tag for the Identification of Cold Chain Failures|journal=Sensors Actuators A: Physical|volume=313|page=112182|doi=10.1016/j.sna.2020.112182|bibcode=2020SeAcA.31312182V |s2cid=224856329|url=https://figshare.com/articles/A_Temperature-Sensitive_RFID_Tag_for_the_Identification_of_Cold_Chain_Failures/12197784|access-date=2020-09-27|archive-date=2020-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202003902/https://figshare.com/articles/A_Temperature-Sensitive_RFID_Tag_for_the_Identification_of_Cold_Chain_Failures/12197784}}</ref>

In 2010, three factors drove a significant increase in RFID usage: decreased cost of equipment and tags, increased performance to a reliability of 99.9%, and a stable international standard around HF and UHF passive RFID. The adoption of these standards were driven by EPCglobal, a joint venture between [[GS1]] and GS1 US, which were responsible for driving global adoption of the barcode in the 1970s and 1980s. The EPCglobal Network was developed by the [[Auto-ID Labs|Auto-ID Center]].<ref>[Miles, Stephen Bell (2011). RFID Technology and Applications. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–8]</ref>

===Commerce===
[[Image:EPC-RFID-TAG.svg|thumb|An [[Electronic Product Code|EPC]] RFID tag used by [[Walmart]]{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}]]
[[Image:RFID tag textile front-through-back.png|thumb|Sewn-in RFID label in garment manufactured by the French sports supplier [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]]. Front, back, and transparency scan.]]
RFID provides a way for organizations to identify and manage stock, tools and equipment ([[asset tracking]]), etc. without manual data entry. Manufactured products such as automobiles or garments can be tracked through the factory and through shipping to the customer. Automatic identification with RFID can be used for inventory systems. Many organisations require that their vendors place RFID tags on all shipments to improve [[supply chain management]].{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}} Warehouse Management System{{clarify|date=January 2024}}<!-- is this a proper noun?--> incorporate this technology to speed up the receiving and delivery of the products and reduce the cost of labor needed in their warehouses.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-19|title=Crucial Factors for Implementing Warehouse Management System - SIPMM Publications|url=https://publication.sipmm.edu.sg/crucial-factors-implementing-warehouse-management-system/|website=publication.sipmm.edu.sg|language=en-US}}</ref>

====Retail====
RFID is used for [[item-level tagging]] in retail stores. This can enable more accurate and lower-labor-cost supply chain and store inventory tracking, as is done at [[Lululemon]], though physically locating items in stores requires more expensive technology.<ref name="McKinsey">{{cite web |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/rfids-renaissance-in-retail |title=RFID's renaissance in retail |date=May 7, 2021 |publisher=McKinsey |author1=Praveen Adhi |author2=Tyler Harris |author3=Gerry Hough}}</ref> RFID tags can be used at checkout; for example, at some stores of the French retailer [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], customers perform [[self-checkout]] by either using a smartphone or putting items into a bin near the register that scans the tags without having to orient each one toward the scanner.<ref name="McKinsey" /> Some stores use RFID-tagged items to trigger systems that provide customers with more information or suggestions, such as fitting rooms at [[Chanel]] and the "Color Bar" at [[Kendra Scott]] stores.<ref name="McKinsey" />

Item tagging can also provide protection against theft by customers and employees by using [[electronic article surveillance]] (EAS). Tags of different types can be physically removed with a special tool or deactivated electronically when payment is made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.controltekusa.com/controltek-news/benefits-of-rfid-in-theft-protection/|title=Benefits of RFID in Theft Protection – CONTROLTEK|website=Controltek|date=14 February 2014|access-date= 11 October 2017}}</ref> On leaving the shop, customers have to pass near an RFID detector; if they have items with active RFID tags, an alarm sounds, both indicating an unpaid-for item, and identifying what it is.

Casinos can use RFID to authenticate [[casino chip|poker chip]]s, and can selectively invalidate any chips known to be stolen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.minyanville.com/businessmarkets/articles/bellagio-wynn-casino-rfid-gambling-las/12/15/2010/id/31714|title=RFID-Tagged Gaming Chips Render Hotel Bellagio Robbery Haul Worthless|last=Rohrlich|first=Justin|date=15 December 2010|publisher=[[Minyanville|Minyanville Financial Media]]|access-date=16 December 2010}}</ref>

====Access control====
[[File:RFID antenna 2007.jpg|thumb|RFID antenna for vehicular access control]]
RFID tags are widely used in [[identity document|identification badge]]s, replacing earlier [[digital card#Magnetic stripe card|magnetic stripe]] cards. These badges need only be held within a certain distance of the reader to authenticate the holder. Tags can also be placed on vehicles, which can be read at a distance, to allow entrance to controlled areas without having to stop the vehicle and present a card or enter an access code.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

====Advertising====
In 2010, Vail Resorts began using UHF Passive RFID tags in ski passes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-15|title=RFID use raises on-slope privacy concerns|url=https://www.espn.com/action/news/story?id=5810585|access-date=2021-03-23|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref>

Facebook is using RFID cards at most of their live events to allow guests to automatically capture and post photos.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}{{When|date=January 2021}}

Automotive brands have adopted RFID for social media product placement more quickly than other industries. Mercedes was an early adopter in 2011 at the [[PGA Championship|PGA Golf Championships]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2011/08/11/mercedes-rfid-facebook/|title=Mercedes Provides RFID Facebook Checkins at PGA Championship|publisher=Mashable.com|date=2011-08-11|access-date=2013-09-22}}</ref> and by the 2013 Geneva Motor Show many of the larger brands were using RFID for social media marketing.<ref>{{cite web|author=Patrick Sweeney|url=http://socialmediatoday.com/pjsweeney/1322626/social-media-winner-s-circle-geneva-motor-show|title=Social Media Winner's Circle at Geneva Motor Show [Video|publisher=Social Media Today|date=2013-03-26|access-date=2013-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927053606/http://socialmediatoday.com/pjsweeney/1322626/social-media-winner-s-circle-geneva-motor-show|archive-date=2013-09-27}}</ref>{{Explain|reason=Please explain the way in which automotive brands are using RFID for advertising.|date=January 2021}}

====Promotion tracking====
To prevent retailers diverting products, manufacturers are exploring the use of RFID tags on promoted merchandise so that they can track exactly which product has sold through the supply chain at fully discounted prices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Keeping Track of Promotion Progress: How Marketing Will Become the Greatest Advocate of RFID|author1=James P. Farrell|author2=Ralf Saykiewicz|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Consumer Goods Technology|url=http://www.consumergoods.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=07CA1C544D3E4FD1916C7A6D2638913E|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411211453/http://www.consumergoods.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=07CA1C544D3E4FD1916C7A6D2638913E|archive-date=2008-04-11|access-date=2008-04-10}}</ref>{{When|date=January 2021}}

===Transportation and logistics===
Yard management, shipping and freight and distribution centers use RFID tracking. In the [[rail transport|railroad]] industry, RFID tags mounted on locomotives and rolling stock identify the owner, identification number and type of equipment and its characteristics. This can be used with a database to identify the type, origin, destination, etc. of the commodities being carried.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeitag.com/aeirfidtec.html|title=AEI technology|publisher=Softrail|access-date=2008-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406031000/http://www.aeitag.com/aeirfidtec.html|archive-date=2008-04-06}}</ref>

In commercial aviation, RFID is used to support maintenance on commercial aircraft. RFID tags are used to identify baggage and cargo at several airports and airlines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/next-generation-checkin/global/en|title=Qantas Next Generation Check-in|publisher=Qantas Airways Limited|access-date=2010-12-27}}</ref><ref name="cargo-box">[http://www.cargo-box.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801102438/http://www.cargo-box.com/|date=August 1, 2015}}</ref>

Some countries are using RFID for vehicle registration and enforcement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3321|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523234412/http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3321/|archive-date=May 23, 2007|title=Bermuda's RFID Vehicle Registration System Could Save $2 Million/Year|publisher=Rfidjournal.com|date=2007-05-18|access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref> RFID can help detect and retrieve stolen cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/89|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031018095931/http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/89|archive-date=October 18, 2003|title=Smart License May Cut Car Theft|publisher=Rfidjournal.com|date=2002-10-11|access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/4513|title=Mexico's Electronic Vehicle Registration system opens with Sirit open road toll technology, Dec 29, 2009|publisher=Tollroadsnews.com|access-date=2013-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703170620/http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/4513|archive-date=2013-07-03}}</ref>

[[File:TransCore RFID reader and antenna.jpg|thumb|RFID E-ZPass reader attached to the pole and mast arm (right) used in traffic monitoring in New York City]]
RFID is used in [[intelligent transportation system]]s. In [[New York City]], RFID readers are deployed at intersections to track [[E-ZPass]] tags as a means for monitoring the traffic flow. The data is fed through the broadband wireless infrastructure to the traffic management center to be used in [[adaptive traffic control]] of the traffic lights.<ref>{{cite news|title=New York's award-winning traffic control system|url=http://www.itsinternational.com/sections/nafta/features/new-yorks-award-winning-traffic-control-system/|access-date=3 May 2014|newspaper=ITS International|date=January–February 2013}}</ref>

Where ship, rail, or highway tanks are being loaded, a fixed RFID antenna contained in a transfer hose can read an RFID tag affixed to the tank, positively identifying it.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Andrea Rosová |author2=Michal Balog |author3=Žofia Šimeková |date=2013|title=The use of the RFID in rail freight transport in the world as one of the new technologies of identification and communication.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292665484|journal=Acta Montanistica Slovaca|volume=18|issue=1|pages=26–32}}</ref>

===Infrastructure management and protection===
At least one company has introduced RFID to identify and locate underground infrastructure assets such as [[natural gas|gas]] [[pipeline]]s, [[sewerage|sewer line]]s, electrical cables, communication cables, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/Telecom/Home/Products/LocatingMarking/|title=Locating and Marking Products|publisher=3M Company|access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref>

===Passports===
{{See also|Biometric passport}}
The first RFID passports ("[[Biometric passport|E-passport]]") were issued by [[Malaysia]] in 1998. In addition to information also contained on the visual data page of the passport, Malaysian e-passports record the travel history (time, date, and place) of entry into and exit out of the country.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

Other countries that insert RFID in passports include Norway (2005),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digi.no/php/art.php?id=275753|title=Datatilsynet misfornøyd med nye pass|publisher=Digi.no|access-date=2013-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405212252/http://www.digi.no/php/art.php?id=275753|archive-date=2008-04-05}}</ref> Japan (March 1, 2006), most [[European Union|EU]] countries (around 2006), Singapore (2006), Australia, Hong Kong, the United States (2007), the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland (2006), India (June 2008), Serbia (July 2008), Republic of Korea (August 2008), Taiwan (December 2008), Albania (January 2009), The Philippines (August 2009), Republic of Macedonia (2010), Argentina (2012), Canada (2013), Uruguay (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minterior.gub.uy/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3227|title=Uruguay a la vanguardia con nuevo pasaporte electrónico|publisher=Ministerio del Interior|access-date=2021-02-23|archive-date=2021-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223164859/https://www.minterior.gub.uy/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3227|date=2015-10-15}}</ref> and Israel (2017).

Standards for RFID passports are determined by the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO), and are contained in ICAO Document 9303, Part 1, Volumes 1 and 2 (6th edition, 2006). ICAO refers to the [[ISO/IEC 14443]] RFID chips in e-passports as "contactless integrated circuits". ICAO standards provide for e-passports to be identifiable by a standard e-passport logo on the front cover.

Since 2006, RFID tags included in new [[United States passport]]s store the same information that is printed within the passport, and include a digital picture of the owner.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.contactlessnews.com/2006/11/30/contactless-inlays-from-smartrac-ordered-for-us-epassport-project|title = Contactless inlays from SMARTRAC ordered for US ePassport project|access-date=2009-03-25}}</ref> The United States Department of State initially stated the chips could only be read from a distance of {{convert|10|cm}}, but after widespread criticism and a clear demonstration that special equipment can read the test passports from {{convert|10|m}} away,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/30/dutch_biometric_passport_crack/|title=Face and fingerprints swiped in Dutch biometric passport crack: Chip skimmed, then security breached|last=Lettice|first=John|date=30 January 2006|website=The Register|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131005717/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/30/dutch_biometric_passport_crack/|archive-date=31 January 2006|access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> the passports were designed to incorporate a thin metal lining to make it more difficult for unauthorized readers to [[RFID skimming|skim]] information when the passport is closed. The department will also implement [[basic access control|Basic Access Control]] (BAC), which functions as a [[personal identification number]] (PIN) in the form of characters printed on the passport data page. Before a passport's tag can be read, this PIN must be entered into an RFID reader. The BAC also enables the encryption of any communication between the chip and interrogator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/1951/1/132/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409081514/http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/1951/1/132/|archive-date=April 9, 2006|title=United States sets date for E-passports|date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

===Transportation payments===
In many countries, RFID tags can be used to pay for mass transit fares on bus, trains, or subways, or to collect tolls on highways.

Some [[bicycle locker|bike locker]]s are operated with RFID cards assigned to individual users. A prepaid card is required to open or enter a facility or locker and is used to track and charge based on how long the bike is parked.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

The [[Zipcar]] car-sharing service uses RFID cards for locking and unlocking cars and for member identification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3839/2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322030622/http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3839/2|archive-date=March 22, 2012|title=RFID Is Key to Car Clubs' Success|author= Mary Catherine O'Connor|date= 7 January 2008|publisher= RFID Journal|access-date=9 May 2011}}</ref>

In Singapore, RFID replaces paper Season Parking Ticket (SPT).<ref>{{cite web|first=Lay|last=Tay|url=http://www.rfid-asia.info/2007/11/hdb-introduce-rfid-season-parking.htm|title=HDB Introduces RFID Season Parking Ticket|publisher=RFID Asia|date=2007-11-01|access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref>

===Animal identification===
RFID tags for animals represent one of the oldest uses of RFID. Originally meant for large ranches and rough terrain, since the outbreak of [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad-cow disease]], RFID has become crucial in [[animal identification]] management. An [[Microchip implant (animal)|implantable RFID tag]] or [[transponder]] can also be used for animal identification. The transponders are better known as PIT (Passive Integrated Transponder) tags, passive RFID, or "chips" on animals.<ref>[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20071231/pentland_gumpert USDA Bets the Farm on Animal ID Program]</ref> The [http://www.canadaid.com/ Canadian Cattle Identification Agency] began using RFID tags as a replacement for barcode tags. Currently, CCIA tags are used in [[Wisconsin]] and by United States farmers on a voluntary basis. The [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] is currently developing its own program.

RFID tags are required for all cattle sold in Australia and in some states, sheep and goats as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.com.au/Meat-safety-and-traceability/National-Livestock-Identification-System|title=National Livestock Identification System|publisher=Meat & Livestock Australia Limited|access-date=2013-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820085741/http://www.mla.com.au/Meat-safety-and-traceability/National-Livestock-Identification-System|archive-date=2013-08-20}}</ref>

===Human implantation===
[[File:Dr Mark Gasson has an RFID microchip implanted in his left hand by a surgeon (March 16 2009).jpg|thumb|A surgeon implants British scientist Dr [[Mark Gasson]] in his left hand with an RFID microchip (March 16, 2009).]]
[[biocompatibility|Biocompatible]] [[microchip implant (human)|microchip implants]] that use RFID technology are being routinely implanted in humans. The first-ever human to receive an RFID microchip implant was American artist [[Eduardo Kac]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acervo.folha.com.br/leitor.do?numero=13700&keyword=Kac&anchor=282247&origem=busca&originURL=&pd=e5616b5794dde0ab6a687a693c931980/|first=Mario Cesar|last=Carvalho|title=Artista implanta hoje chip no corpo|date=November 11, 1997|language=Portuguese| website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekac.org:80/lanacion.html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201160159/http://www.ekac.org/lanacion.html/|archive-date=1 February 2017|title=Un hombre llamado 026109532|website=Internet Archive Wayback Machine|publisher=La Nación|language=Spanish|date=December 15, 1997|last=Esnal|first=Luis|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> Kac implanted the microchip live on television (and also live on the Internet) in the context of his artwork ''Time Capsule''.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7y2tbPaYqfQ| title = 1º implante de chip ao vivo - Jornal das 10 - Canal 21 - SP - 1997| website=[[YouTube]]| date = 16 January 2019}}</ref>
A year later, British professor of [[cybernetics]] [[Kevin Warwick]] had an RFID chip implanted in his arm by his [[general practitioner]], George Boulos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/14/chipman.idg/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020308225945/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/14/chipman.idg/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 8, 2002|title=CNN – Is human chip implant wave of the future? – January 14, 1999|first=Sam|last=Witt|website=CNN|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/professor-has-worlds-first-silicon-chip-implant-1174101.html|title=Professor has world's first silicon chip implant|date=26 August 1998|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> In 2004, the '[[Baja Beach Club]]' operated by [[Conrad Chase]] in [[Barcelona]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3697940.stm|title=Technology &#124; Barcelona clubbers get chipped|work=BBC News|date=2004-09-29|access-date=2013-09-22}}</ref> and [[Rotterdam]] offered implanted chips to identify their VIP customers, who could in turn use it to pay for service. In 2009, British scientist [[Mark Gasson]] had an advanced glass capsule RFID device surgically implanted into his left hand and subsequently demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then be transmitted on to other systems.<ref name="istas">{{Cite book| doi = 10.1109/ISTAS.2010.5514651| chapter = Human Enhancement: Could you become infected with a computer virus?| title = 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society| pages = 61–68| year = 2010| last1 = Gasson| first1 = M. N.| isbn = 978-1-4244-7777-7| s2cid = 3098538| chapter-url = http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/29329/1/GASSON_ISTAS2010.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Food and Drug Administration]] in the United States approved the use of RFID chips in humans in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|author=Greene, Thomas C.|year=2004| title=Feds approve human RFID implants|website=[[The Register]]|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/10/14/human_rfid_implants/|access-date=2007-03-01}}</ref>

There is controversy regarding human applications of implantable RFID technology including concerns that individuals could potentially be tracked by carrying an identifier unique to them. Privacy advocates have protested against implantable RFID chips, warning of potential abuse. Some are concerned this could lead to abuse by an authoritarian government, to removal of freedoms,<ref>Monahan, Torin and Tyler Wall. 2007. [http://www.surveillance-and-society.org/articles4(3)/somatic.pdf Somatic Surveillance: Corporeal Control through Information Networks]. Surveillance & Society 4 (3): 154–173 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615201126/http://www.surveillance-and-society.org/articles4(3)/somatic.pdf|date=2016-06-15}}</ref> and to the emergence of an "ultimate [[panopticon]]", a society where all citizens behave in a socially accepted manner because others might be watching.<ref name="Kietzmann">{{cite journal|journal=Communications of the ACM|year=2010|volume=53|issue=6|pages=135–138|title=Panopticon revisited|author=Kietzmann, J. |author2=Angell, I.|doi=10.1145/1743546.1743582|s2cid=10487109|url=http://beedie.sfu.ca/files/Research/Journal_Articles/Journal_Articles_2010/Panopticon_revisited.pdf|access-date=9 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224154000/http://beedie.sfu.ca/files/Research/Journal_Articles/Journal_Articles_2010/Panopticon_revisited.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-24}}</ref>

On July 22, 2006, Reuters reported that two hackers, Newitz and Westhues, at a conference in New York City demonstrated that they could clone the RFID signal from a human implanted RFID chip, indicating that the device was not as secure as was previously claimed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fulton|first=Nic|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/mediafile/2006/07/22/high-tech-cloning/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020437/http://blogs.reuters.com/mediafile/2006/07/22/high-tech-cloning/|archive-date=2017-02-02|title=Reuters|publisher=Blogs.reuters.com|date= 2006-07-22|access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref>

The UFO religion [[Universe People]] is notorious online for their vocal opposition to human RFID chipping, which they claim is a [[Reptilian humanoid|saurian]] attempt to enslave the human race; one of their web domains is "dont-get-chipped".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-07 |title=Stop Chipping image by Universe People |url=http://www.angels-light.org/english/img_4000/obr4007.jpg |access-date=2024-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607025253/http://www.angels-light.org/english/img_4000/obr4007.jpg |archive-date=2015-06-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-26 |title=EN - TALKS WITH TEACHINGS FROM MY COSMIC FRIENDS - space-people.org |url=http://www.universe-people.com/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126212624/http://www.universe-people.com/ |archive-date=2020-11-26 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-02-09 |title=Universe People |url=https://newreligiousmovements.org/u/universe-people/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=New Religious Movements |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Institutions===

====Hospitals and healthcare====
Adoption of RFID in the medical industry has been widespread and very effective.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenbaum|first=Benjamin P.|date=28 February 2014|title=Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in Health Care: Privacy and Security Concerns Limiting Adoption|journal=Journal of Medical Systems|volume=38|issue=3|page=19|doi=10.1007/s10916-014-0019-z|pmid=24578170|s2cid=11368940}}</ref> Hospitals are among the first users to combine both active and passive RFID.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lahtela|first=Antti|title=2009 Fourth International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications|chapter=A Short Overview of the RFID Technology in Healthcare|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/703195|year=2009|pages=165–169|doi=10.1109/ICSNC.2009.77|isbn=978-1-4244-4772-5|s2cid=16524713|language=en}}</ref> Active tags track high-value, or frequently moved items, and passive tags track smaller, lower cost items that only need room-level identification.<ref>{{cite web|title=RFID Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/show?68|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523091646/http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/show?68|archive-date=May 23, 2013|work=RFIDJournal.com|access-date=2013-05-20}}</ref> Medical facility rooms can collect data from transmissions of RFID badges worn by patients and employees, as well as from tags assigned to items such as mobile medical devices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Group Health Reinvents Patient Care With RTLS|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/print/9828|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630055052/http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/print/9828|archive-date=June 30, 2013|newspaper=RFID Journal|date=22 August 2012}}</ref> The [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)]] recently announced plans to deploy RFID in hospitals across America to improve care and reduce costs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Veterans Affairs to Install RFID in Hospitals across America|url=http://www.impinj.com/blog/veteran-affairs-to-install-rfid-in-hospitals-across-america/|newspaper=Impinj|date=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319083312/http://www.impinj.com/blog/veteran-affairs-to-install-rfid-in-hospitals-across-america/|archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

Since 2004, a number of U.S. hospitals have begun implanting patients with RFID tags and using RFID systems; the systems are typically used for workflow and inventory management.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fisher, Jill A. |author2=Monahan, Torin |year= 2012|title= Evaluation of Real-time Location Systems in their Hospital Contexts|doi=10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2012.07.001|pmid= 22857790|journal=International Journal of Medical Informatics|volume=81|issue=10|pages= 705–712|url=http://publicsurveillance.com/papers/Fisher_Monahan_IJMI-2012.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Fisher, Jill A. |author2=Monahan, Torin|year= 2008|title= Tracking the Social Dimensions of RFID Systems in Hospitals|doi=10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.010|pmid= 17544841|journal=International Journal of Medical Informatics|volume=77|issue=3|pages= 176–183|url=http://publicsurveillance.com/papers/Fisher_Monahan_RFID_IJMI.pdf}}</ref><ref>Fisher, Jill A. 2006. [http://media.wix.com/ugd/e5e1e1_9618d4aaaa1240f4bfa2e6fc8178b144.pdf Indoor Positioning and Digital Management: Emerging Surveillance Regimes in Hospitals]. In T. Monahan (Ed), ''Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life'' (pp. 77–88). New York: Routledge.</ref>
The use of RFID to prevent mix-ups between [[spermatozoon|sperm]] and [[egg cell|ova]] in [[in vitro fertilisation|IVF]] clinics is also being considered.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7209|title=Electronic tags for eggs, sperm and embryos – life – 30 March 2005|magazine=New Scientist|access-date=2010-04-24}}</ref>

In October 2004, the FDA approved the USA's first RFID chips that can be implanted in humans. The 134&nbsp;kHz RFID chips, from VeriChip Corp. can incorporate personal medical information and could save lives and limit injuries from errors in medical treatments, according to the company. Anti-RFID activists [[Katherine Albrecht]] and [[Liz McIntyre (writer)|Liz McIntyre]] discovered an [[FDA warning letter|FDA Warning Letter]] that spelled out health risks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spychips.com/devices/verichip-fda-report.html|title=Verichip Special Report|publisher=spychips.com|access-date=2013-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323031257/http://www.spychips.com/devices/verichip-fda-report.html|archive-date=2012-03-23}}</ref> According to the FDA, these include "adverse tissue reaction", "migration of the implanted transponder", "failure of implanted transponder", "electrical hazards" and "magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] incompatibility."

====Libraries====
[[Image:RFID Tags.jpg|thumb|RFID tags used in libraries: square book tag, round CD/DVD tag and rectangular VHS tag]]
Libraries have used RFID to replace the barcodes on library items. The tag can contain identifying information or may just be a key into a database. An RFID system may replace or supplement bar codes and may offer another method of inventory management and self-service checkout by patrons. It can also act as a [[security]] device, taking the place of the more traditional [[electronic article surveillance|electromagnetic security strip]].<ref name="butters">{{cite journal|last1=Butters|first1=Alan|title=Radio Frequency Identification: An Introduction for Library Professionals|journal=Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services|volume=19|issue=4| date=December 2006|pages=164–74|url=http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=312996058408409;res=IELHSS|issn=1030-5033}}</ref>

It is estimated that over 30 million library items worldwide now contain RFID tags, including some in the [[Vatican Library]] in [[Rome]].<ref name="singh">{{cite journal|doi=10.6017/ital.v25i1.3326|title=The State of RFID Applications in Libraries|year=2013|last1=Sing|first1=Jay|last2=Brar|first2=Navjit|last3=Fong|first3=Carmen|journal=Information Technology and Libraries|volume=25–32|page=24|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Since RFID tags can be read through an item, there is no need to open a book cover or DVD case to scan an item, and a stack of books can be read simultaneously. Book tags can be read while books are in motion on a [[conveyor belt]], which reduces staff time. This can all be done by the borrowers themselves, reducing the need for library staff assistance. With portable readers, inventories could be done on a whole shelf of materials within seconds.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Radio Frequency Identification|first1=Rachel|last1=Wadham|journal=Library Mosaics|volume=14|issue=5|year=2003|page=22}}</ref>
However, as of 2008, this technology remained too costly for many smaller libraries, and the conversion period has been estimated at 11 months for an average-size library. A 2004 Dutch estimate was that a library which lends 100,000 books per year should plan on a cost of €50,000 (borrow- and return-stations: 12,500 each, detection porches 10,000 each; tags 0.36 each). RFID taking a large burden off staff could also mean that fewer staff will be needed, resulting in some of them getting laid off,<ref name="singh"/> but that has so far not happened in North America where recent surveys have not returned a single library that cut staff because of adding RFID.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013">{{Cite journal|last1=Chellappandi|first1=P|last2=Sivankalai|first2=S|date=October 2013|others=ISSN: 2321 – 788X|title=Implementation Of RFID Technology In Library – Book Exhausting and Retrieval For Readers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259854363|journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities|volume=1|issue=2|pages=25–32|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> In fact, library budgets are being reduced for personnel and increased for infrastructure, making it necessary for libraries to add automation to compensate for the reduced staff size.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013"/> Also, the tasks that RFID takes over are largely not the primary tasks of librarians.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013"/> A finding in the Netherlands is that borrowers are pleased with the fact that staff are now more available for answering questions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013"/>

Privacy concerns have been raised surrounding library use of RFID.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Molnar|first1=David|last2=Wagner|first2=David|date=June 8, 2004|title=Privacy and Security in Library RFID: Issues, Practices, and Architectures|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221609472|journal=Conference: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2004, Washington, DC, USA, October 25–29, 2004|volume=1|pages=1–20|via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270618836|doi=10.1177/0961000613518572|title=How do libraries manage the ethical and privacy issues of RFID implementation? A qualitative investigation into the decision-making processes of ten libraries|year=2015|last1=Ferguson|first1=Stuart|last2=Thornley|first2=Clare|last3=Gibb|first3=Forbes|journal=Journal of Librarianship and Information Science|volume=47|issue=2|pages=117–130|hdl=10197/5242|s2cid=28009426|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Because some RFID tags can be read up to {{convert|100|m}} away, there is some concern over whether sensitive information could be collected from an unwilling source. However, library RFID tags do not contain any patron information,<ref>{{cite journal|first=David|last=Dorman|title=RFID Poses No Problem for Patron Privacy|journal=American Libraries|volume=34|issue=11| date=December 2003|page=86|url=http://www.ala.org/PrinterTemplate.cfm?section=archive&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=50931}}</ref> and the tags used in the majority of libraries use a frequency only readable from approximately {{convert|10|ft}}.<ref name="butters"/> Another concern is that a non-library agency could potentially record the RFID tags of every person leaving the library without the library administrator's knowledge or consent. One simple option is to let the book transmit a code that has meaning only in conjunction with the library's database. Another possible enhancement would be to give each book a new code every time it is returned. In future, should readers become ubiquitous (and possibly networked), then stolen books could be traced even outside the library. Tag removal could be made difficult if the tags are so small that they fit invisibly inside a (random) page, possibly put there by the publisher.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

====Museums====
RFID technologies are now{{When|date=January 2021}} also implemented in end-user applications in museums.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rowe|first=Paul|date=November 9, 2011|title=RFID Technology in use at the Otago Museum|url=https://vernonsystems.com/rfid-technology-in-use-at-the-otago-museum/|website=Vernon Systems}}</ref> An example was the custom-designed temporary research application, "eXspot", at the [[Exploratorium]], a science museum in [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. A visitor entering the museum received an RF tag that could be carried as a card. The eXspot system enabled the visitor to receive information about specific exhibits. Aside from the exhibit information, the visitor could take photographs of themselves at the exhibit. It was also intended to allow the visitor to take data for later analysis. The collected information could be retrieved at home from a "personalized" website keyed to the RFID tag.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1145/1081992.1082021|title=RFID enhances visitors' museum experience at the Exploratorium|year=2005|last1=Hsi|first1=Sherry|last2=Fait|first2=Holly|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=48|issue=9|pages=60–5|s2cid=8334725}}</ref>

====Schools and universities====
In 2004, school authorities in the Japanese city of [[Osaka]] made a decision to start chipping children's clothing, backpacks, and student IDs in a primary school.<ref name=LAN>{{cite web|url=http://networks.silicon.com/lans/0,39024663,39122042,00.htm|title=Schoolchildren to be RFID-chipped|publisher=Networks.silicon.com|access-date=2013-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427003216/http://networks.silicon.com/lans/0,39024663,39122042,00.htm|archive-date=April 27, 2012}}</ref> Later, in 2007, a school in [[Doncaster]], England, piloted a monitoring system designed to keep tabs on pupils by tracking radio chips in their uniforms.<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Christopher|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/22/kid_chipping_doncaster_go/|title=Schoolkid chipping trial 'a success'|publisher=Theregister.co.uk|date=2007-10-22|access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref>{{When|date=January 2021}} [[List of further education colleges in England#S|St Charles Sixth Form College]] in west [[London]], England, starting in 2008, uses an RFID card system to check in and out of the main gate, to both track attendance and prevent unauthorized entrance. Similarly, [[Whitcliffe Mount School]] in [[Cleckheaton]], England, uses RFID to track pupils and staff in and out of the building via a specially designed card. In the Philippines, during 2012, some schools already{{When|date=January 2021}} use RFID in IDs for borrowing books.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baghya Lakshmi|date=2012-09-16|title=Using rfid technology to develop an attendance system and avoid traffic congestion around kindergartens |website=Slideshare|url=https://www.slideshare.net/baghyaharini/using-rfid-technology-to-develop-an-attendance-system-and-avoid-traffic-1}}</ref>{{rs|date=February 2025}} Gates in those particular schools also have RFID scanners for buying items at school shops and canteens. RFID is also used in school libraries, and to sign in and out for student and teacher attendance.<ref name="ChellappandiSivankalai2013"/>

===Sports===
[[File:2008 Nike+ Human Race in Taipei the ChampionChip.jpg|thumb|ChampionChip]]
[[chip timing|RFID for timing races]] began in the early 1990s with pigeon racing, introduced by the company [[Deister Electronics]] in Germany. RFID can provide race start and end timings for individuals in large races where it is impossible to get accurate stopwatch readings for every entrant.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

In races using RFID, racers wear tags that are read by antennas placed alongside the track or on mats across the track. UHF tags provide accurate readings with specially designed antennas. Rush error,{{Clarify|reason=|date=January 2021}} lap count errors and accidents at race start are avoided, as anyone can start and finish at any time without being in a batch mode.{{Clarify|reason=|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Marathon Zeitnahme.JPG|thumb|left|J-Chip 8-channel receiver next to timing mat. The athlete wears a chip on a strap around their ankle. [https://web.archive.org/web/19961218232821/http://www.ironman.de/ Ironman Germany] 2007 in Frankfurt.]]

The design of the chip and of the antenna controls the range from which it can be read. Short range compact chips are twist tied to the shoe, or strapped to the ankle with {{Avoid wrap|[[hook-and-loop fastener]]s}}. The chips must be about 400&nbsp;mm from the mat, therefore giving very good temporal resolution. Alternatively, a chip plus a very large (125{{nbsp}}mm square) antenna can be incorporated into the bib number worn on the athlete's chest at a height of about {{convert|1.25|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

Passive and active RFID systems are used in off-road events such as [[Orienteering]], [[Enduro]] and Hare and Hounds racing. Riders have a transponder on their person, normally on their arm. When they complete a lap they swipe or touch the receiver which is connected to a computer and log their lap time.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

RFID is being{{When|date=January 2021}} adapted by many recruitment agencies which have a PET (physical endurance test) as their qualifying procedure, especially in cases where the candidate volumes may run into millions (Indian Railway recruitment cells, police and power sector).

A number of [[ski resort]]s have adopted RFID tags to provide skiers hands-free access to [[ski lift]]s. Skiers do not have to take their passes out of their pockets. Ski jackets have a left pocket into which the chip+card fits. This nearly contacts the sensor unit on the left of the turnstile as the skier pushes through to the lift. These systems were based on high frequency (HF) at 13.56{{nbsp}}MHz. The bulk of ski areas in Europe, from Verbier to Chamonix, use these systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cliqology.com/2010/09/epic-mix-skiiers-and-snowboards-social-media-dream/|title=Epic Mix – Skiiers [sic] and Snowboarders Social Media Dream|date=2010-09-07|access-date=2013-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://snowboard-mag.com/content/vail-resorts-launches-epic-mix-39814|title=Vail Resorts Launches Epic Mix &#124; SNOWBOARD MAGAZINE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904085254/http://snowboard-mag.com/content/vail-resorts-launches-epic-mix-39814|access-date=2020-03-01|archive-date=2010-09-04}}</ref><ref>Kinsella, Bret. (2010-09-07) [http://blog.odintechnologies.com/odin-rfid-blog/bid/51179/Vail-shows-that-Consumer-RFID-delivers-a-better-experience Vail shows that Consumer RFID delivers a better experience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106030526/http://blog.odintechnologies.com/odin-rfid-blog/bid/51179/Vail-shows-that-Consumer-RFID-delivers-a-better-experience|date=2010-11-06}}. Blog.odintechnologies.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref>

The [[National Football League|NFL]] in the United States equips players with RFID chips that measures speed, distance and direction traveled by each player in real-time. Currently, cameras stay focused on the [[quarterback]]; however, numerous plays are happening simultaneously on the field. The RFID chip will provide new insight into these simultaneous plays.<ref>{{cite web|title=How a pair of microchips could transform football into an intricate dance of data|url=http://www.dailydot.com/technology/nfl-rfid-player-tracking-zebra-technologies/|website=DailyDot|access-date=1 September 2015|date=2015-08-12}}</ref> The chip triangulates the player's position within six inches and will be used to digitally [[broadcasting|broadcast]] replays. The RFID chip will make individual player information accessible to the public. The data will be available via the NFL 2015 app.<ref>{{cite web|title=The NFL has a (RFID) Chip on its shoulder|url=http://news.surgogroup.com/nfl-has-a-rfid-chip-on-its-shoulder/|website=News Surgo Group|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906105747/http://news.surgogroup.com/nfl-has-a-rfid-chip-on-its-shoulder/|archive-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> The RFID chips are manufactured by [[Zebra Technologies]]. Zebra Technologies tested the RFID chip in 18 stadiums last year{{when|date=November 2019}} to track vector data.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=All NFL Players Are Getting RFID Chips This Season|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/08/nfl-players-getting-rfid-chips-season/|magazine=Wired|access-date=1 September 2015|date=2015-08-07|last1=Moynihan|first1=Tim}}</ref>

===Complement to barcode===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
RFID tags are often a complement, but not a substitute, for [[Universal Product Code]] (UPC) or [[European Article Number]] (EAN) barcodes. They may never completely replace barcodes, due in part to their higher cost and the advantage of multiple data sources on the same object. Also, unlike RFID labels, barcodes can be generated and distributed electronically by e-mail or mobile phone, for printing or display by the recipient. An example is airline [[boarding pass]]es. The new [[Electronic Product Code|EPC]], along with several other schemes, is widely available at reasonable cost.

The storage of data associated with tracking items will require many [[byte|terabyte]]s. Filtering and categorizing RFID data is needed to create useful information. It is likely that goods will be tracked by the pallet using RFID tags, and at package level with UPC or EAN from unique barcodes.

The unique identity is a mandatory requirement for RFID tags, despite special choice of the numbering scheme. RFID tag data capacity is large enough that each individual tag will have a unique code, while current barcodes are limited to a single type code for a particular product. The uniqueness of RFID tags means that a product may be tracked as it moves from location to location while being delivered to a person. This may help to combat theft and other forms of product loss. The tracing of products is an important feature that is well supported with RFID tags containing a unique identity of the tag and the serial number of the object. This may help companies cope with quality deficiencies and resulting recall campaigns, but also contributes to concern about tracking and profiling of persons after the sale.

===Waste management===
Since around 2007, there has been increasing development in the use of RFID {{When|date=January 2021}} in the [[waste management]] industry. RFID tags are installed on waste collection carts, linking carts to the owner's account for easy billing and service verification.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Belal|last2=Chowdhury|first2=Morshed|title=2007 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference|chapter=RFID-based real-time smart waste management system|date=December 2, 2007|chapter-url=http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30008105/chowdhury-rfidbased-2007.pdf|volume=1|pages=175–180|doi=10.1109/ATNAC.2007.4665232|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30008105|isbn=978-1-4244-1557-1|s2cid=18506491|via=Deakin University DRO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The tag is embedded into a garbage and recycle container, and the RFID reader is affixed to the garbage and recycle trucks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waste360.com/route-optimization/rfid-still-early-stages-adoption-waste-industry|title=RFID Still In Early Stages of Adoption by Waste Industry|date=2016-08-10}}</ref> RFID also measures a customer's set-out rate and provides insight as to the number of carts serviced by each waste collection vehicle. This RFID process replaces traditional "[[pay as you throw]]" (PAYT) [[municipal solid waste]] usage-pricing models.

===Telemetry===
Active RFID tags have the potential to function as low-cost remote sensors that broadcast [[telemetry]] back to a base station. Applications of tagometry data could include sensing of road conditions by implanted [[Bluetooth Low Energy beacon|beacons]], weather reports, and noise level monitoring.<ref>{{ISSN link|0001-0782}}</ref>

Passive RFID tags can also report sensor data. For example, the [[wireless identification and sensing platform|Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform]] is a passive tag that reports temperature, acceleration and capacitance to commercial Gen2 RFID readers.

It is possible that active or battery-assisted passive (BAP) RFID tags could broadcast a signal to an in-store receiver to determine whether the RFID tag – and by extension, the product it is attached to – is in the store.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}