Editing Rachel Carson (section)

==Legacy==
[[File:RachelCarson.JPG|thumb|Statue of Carson at the [[Museo Rocsen]] in [[Nono, Córdoba]], Argentina]]

===Collected papers and posthumous publications===
Carson bequeathed her manuscripts and papers to [[Yale University]] to take advantage of the new state-of-the-art preservations facilities of the [[Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library]]. Her longtime agent and literary executor [[Marie Rodell]] spent nearly two years organizing and cataloging Carson's papers and correspondence, distributing all the letters to their senders so that only what each correspondent approved would be submitted to the archive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Rachel Carson papers {{!}} Archives at Yale |url=https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/1604 |access-date=July 2, 2023 |website=archives.yale.edu |pages=467–458, 477, 482–448, See also the Beinecke [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.carson finding aid for the Rachel Carson Papers]}}</ref>

In 1965, Rodell arranged for the publication of an essay Carson had intended to expand into a book: ''The Sense of Wonder''. The essay, which was combined with photographs by Charles Pratt and others, exhorts parents to help their children experience the "...lasting pleasures of contact with the natural world ... available to anyone who will place himself under the influence of earth, sea, and sky and their amazing life."<ref name="Murphy 25">Murphy, 25; quotations from ''The Sense of Wonder'', 95. The essay was originally published in 1956 in ''Woman's Home Companion''.</ref>

In addition to the letters in ''Always Rachel'', in 1998, a volume of Carson's previously unpublished work was published as ''Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson'', edited by [[Linda Lear]]. All of Carson's books remain in print.<ref name="Murphy 25" />

===Grassroots environmentalism and the EPA===
Carson's work had a powerful impact on the environmental movement. ''Silent Spring'', in particular, was a rallying point for the fledgling social movement in the 1960s. According to environmental engineer and Carson scholar H. Patricia Hynes, "''Silent Spring'' altered the balance of power in the world. No one since would be able to sell pollution as the necessary underside of progress so easily or uncritically."<ref>{{harvnb|Hynes|1989|p=3}}</ref> Carson's work, and the activism it inspired, are at least partly responsible for the [[deep ecology]] movement and the overall strength of the grassroots environmental movement since the 1960s. It was also influential on the rise of [[ecofeminism]] and on many feminist scientists.<ref>{{harvnb|Hynes|1989|pp=8–9}}</ref>

While there remains no evidence that Carson was openly a women's rights activist, her work and its subsequent criticisms have left an iconic legacy for the ecofeminist movement.<ref name=":0" /> Attacks on Carson's credibility included criticism of her credentials in which she was labeled an "amateur." It was said that her writing was too "emotional."<ref name=":0" /> Ecofeminist scholars argue that not only was the dissenting rhetoric gendered to paint Carson as hysterical but was done because her arguments challenged the capitalist production of large agri-business corporations.<ref name=":0" /> Others, such as Yaakov Garb, suggest that in addition to not being a women's rights activist, Carson also had no anti-capitalist agenda and that such attacks were unwarranted.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, the way photos of Carson were used to portray her are often questioned because of few representations of her engaging in work typical of a scientist, but instead of her leisure activities.<ref name=":0" />

Carson's most direct legacy in the environmental movement was the campaign to ban DDT in the United States (and related efforts to ban or limit its use throughout the world). Though environmental concerns about DDT had been considered by government agencies as early as Carson's testimony before the President's Science Advisory Committee, the 1967 formation of the [[Environmental Defense Fund]] was the first significant milestone in the campaign against DDT. The organization brought lawsuits against the government to "establish a citizen's right to a clean environment," and the arguments employed against DDT largely mirrored Carson's. By 1972, the Environmental Defense Fund and other activist groups had succeeded in securing a phase-out of DDT use in the United States (except in emergency cases).<ref>{{harvnb|Hynes|1989|pp=46–47}}</ref>

The creation of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) by the [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon Administration]] in 1970 addressed another concern that Carson had brought to light. Until then, the same agency (the USDA) was responsible both for regulating pesticides and promoting the concerns of the agriculture industry; Carson saw this as a [[conflict of interest]] since the agency was not responsible for effects on wildlife or other environmental concerns beyond farm policy. Fifteen years after its creation, one journalist described the EPA as "the extended shadow of ''Silent Spring''." Much of the agency's early work, such as enforcing the 1972 [[Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act]], was directly related to Carson's work.<ref>{{harvnb|Hynes|1989|pp=47–48, 148–163}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the policies of the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan Administration]] emphasized economic growth, rolling back many of the environmental policies adopted in response to Carson and her work.<ref>{{harvnb|Lytle|2007|pp=217–220}}; Jeffrey K. Stine, "Natural Resources and Environmental Policy" in ''The Reagan Presidency: Pragmatic Conservatism and Its Legacies'', edited by W. Elliott Brownlee and Hugh Davis Graham. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7006-1268-8}}</ref>

===Posthumous honors===
[[File:HAER PBG 9thStreet 361504pv.jpg|thumb|The [[Rachel Carson Bridge]] in [[Pittsburgh]] in 1999]]
[[File:Rachel Carson Monument.jpg|thumb|The ''[[statue of Rachel Carson]]'' in Woods Hole in May 2016]]
Various groups ranging from government institutions to environmental and conservation organizations to scholarly societies have celebrated Carson's life and work since her death. Perhaps most significantly, on June 9, 1980, Carson was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the highest civilian honor in the United States. A 17¢ [[Great Americans series]] [[postage stamp]] was issued in her honor the following year; several other countries have since issued Carson postage as well.<ref>[http://www.planetpatriot.net/stamps2/carson_rachel_stamps.html Marshall Is 2000], [http://stamp-search.com/images/pal9901sh16enviro.jpg Palau 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716125940/http://stamp-search.com/images/pal9901sh16enviro.jpg |date=July 16, 2011 }}, [http://stamp-search.com/images/zam0004sh4-milnm1950-00.jpg Zambia 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716125959/http://stamp-search.com/images/zam0004sh4-milnm1950-00.jpg |date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref> In 1973, Carson was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carson, Rachel |url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/rachel-carson/ |access-date=July 2, 2023 |website=National Women’s Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], named one of its colleges, formerly known as College Eight, [[Rachel Carson College]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.ucsc.edu/2016/09/rachel-carson-college.html | title=College Eight becomes Rachel Carson College using a gift from the Helen and Will Webster Foundation |publisher=UC Santa Cruz |date=September 15, 2016}}</ref> Rachel Carson College is the first college at the university to bear a woman's name.

Munich's [[Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society]] was founded in 2009. An international, interdisciplinary center for research and education in the environmental humanities and social sciences, it was established as a joint initiative of Munich's Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and the Deutsches Museum, with the support of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Carson's birthplace and childhood home in [[Springdale, Pennsylvania]], now known as the Rachel Carson Homestead, became a [[National Register of Historic Places]] site and the [[Nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] Rachel Carson Homestead Association was created in 1975 to manage it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rachel Carson Homestead – Rachel Carson Homestead |url=https://rachelcarsonhomestead.org/ |access-date=July 2, 2023 |website=rachelcarsonhomestead.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Her [[Rachel Carson House (Colesville, Maryland)|home]] in [[Colesville, Maryland]], where she wrote ''Silent Spring'', was named a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url={{MHT url|id=1094}}|title=Maryland Historical Trust|date=June 8, 2008|work= National Register of Historic Places: Properties in Montgomery County|publisher=Maryland Historical Trust}}</ref> Near [[Pittsburgh]], a {{convert|46.1|mi|km|0}} hiking trail, the [[Rachel Carson Trail]] and maintained by the Rachel Carson Trails Conservancy, was dedicated to Carson in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rachel Carson Trail |url=https://www.rachelcarsontrails.org/trails/rachel-carson-trail |access-date=July 2, 2023 |website=Rachel Carson Trails Conservancy |language=en-us}}</ref> A Pittsburgh bridge was renamed in Carson's honor as the Rachel Carson Bridge.<ref name="bridge">{{Cite web |title=Environmentalist Rachel Carson's legacy remembered on Earth Day |url=https://old.post-gazette.com/pg/06113/684423-85.stm |access-date=July 2, 2023 |website=old.post-gazette.com}}</ref> The [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] State Office Building in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] is named in her honor.

Elementary schools in [[Gaithersburg, Maryland]],<ref>[http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/schools/rachelcarsones/index.shtm Rachel Carson Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307073823/http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/schools/rachelcarsones/index.shtm |date=March 7, 2012 }}. Retrieved February 22, 2008.</ref> [[Sammamish, Washington]]<ref>[http://www.lwsd.org/school/carson/Pages/default.aspx/ Rachel Carson Elementary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809124235/http://www.lwsd.org/school/carson/Pages/default.aspx |date=August 9, 2011 }} . Retrieved June 15, 2011.</ref> and [[San Jose, California]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Rachel Carson Elementary School |url=http://sjusd.org/carson/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013003859/https://www.sjusd.org/carson/ |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |access-date=October 5, 2012 |website=sjusd.org |publisher=[[San José Unified School District]]}}</ref> middle schools in [[Beaverton, Oregon]]<ref>{{cite web |date=April 21, 2016 |title=Rachel Carson Environmental Middle School |url=http://rachelcarsonems.wordpress.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204082543/https://rachelcarsonems.wordpress.com/ |archive-date=December 4, 2012 |access-date=October 5, 2012 |website=rachelcarsonems.wordpress.com |publisher=Rachel Carson Environmental Middle School}}</ref> [[Queens]], New York City, [[IS 237|Rachel Carson Intermediate School]], in [[Herndon, Virginia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rachel Carson Middle School {{!}} Home of the Panthers! {{!}} Fairfax County Public Schools {{!}} Rachel Carson Middle School |url=https://carsonms.fcps.edu/ |access-date=July 2, 2023 |website=carsonms.fcps.edu}}</ref> [[List of Fairfax County Public Schools middle schools|Rachel Carson Middle School]], and a high school in [[Brooklyn]], New York City were all named in her honor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Find a School – New York City Department of Education |url=http://schools.nyc.gov/schoolportals/21/k344/default.htm |access-date=October 5, 2012 |website=schools.nyc.gov}}</ref>

Two research vessels have sailed in the United States bearing the name R/V ''Rachel Carson''. One is on the [[RV Rachel Carson (2003)|west coast]], owned by [[Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute]] (MBARI),<ref>{{cite web |title=Vessels and Vehicles—R/V ''Rachel Carson'' |date=November 24, 2015 |url=http://www.mbari.org/at-sea/ships/rv-rachel-carson/ |publisher=Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute |access-date=December 29, 2016}}</ref> and the other is on [[RV Rachel Carson (2008)|the east coast]], operated by the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Another vessel of the name, now scrapped, was [[USS Crockett (PG-88)|a former naval vessel]] obtained and converted by the United States EPA. It operated on the Great Lakes. The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary also operates a mooring buoy maintenance vessel named the Rachel Carson.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/coastal/programs/coral/reports/LBSP/LBSP_Appendix/19_Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary_Managemen.pdf |title=Appendix 19 Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan |last=Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary |website=Florida Department of Environmental Protection |date=February 2005 |access-date=March 20, 2017}}</ref>

The ceremonial auditorium on the third floor of EPA headquarters, the [[William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building]], is named after Carson. The Rachel Carson Room is close to the EPA Administrator's office. It has been the site of numerous important announcements, including the Clean Air Interstate Rule.<ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/6427a6b7538955c585257359003f0230/1a5d6d4953c0627985256fbf006a9578!OpenDocument&Start=9.4&Count=5&Expand=9.4 CAIR News Advisory]. Retrieved August 18, 2009.</ref>

A number of [[Protected area|conservation areas]] have been named for Carson as well. Between 1964 and 1990, 650 acres (263&nbsp;ha) near [[Brookeville, Maryland|Brookeville]] in Montgomery County, Maryland were acquired and set aside as the Rachel Carson Conservation Park, administered by the [[Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission]].<ref name="moco">{{cite web |title=Rachel Carson Conservation Park |url=http://www.montgomeryparks.org/parks-and-trails/rachel-carson-conservation-park/ |access-date=September 10, 2017 |website=Montgomery Parks |publisher=Montgomery County (Maryland) Department of Parks}}</ref> In 1969, the Coastal Maine National Wildlife Refuge became the [[Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge]]; expansions will bring the size of the refuge to about 9,125 acres (3,693&nbsp;ha).<ref>[http://www.fws.gov/northeast/rachelcarson/index.html Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge]. Retrieved September 11, 2007.</ref> In 1985, [[North Carolina]] renamed one of its [[Estuary|estuarine]] reserves in honor of Carson, in [[Beaufort, North Carolina|Beaufort]].<ref>
[http://www.ncnerr.org Rachel Carson Estuarine Research Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509083543/http://www.ncnerr.org/ |date=May 9, 2008 }}. Retrieved October 12, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=North Carolina Coastal Reserve and National Estuarine Research Reserve |url=http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/crp/rachel-carson |access-date=August 29, 2015 |publisher=North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826185409/http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/crp/rachel-carson |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Carson is also a frequent namesake for prizes awarded by philanthropic, educational and scholarly institutions. The [[Rachel Carson Prize (environmentalist award)|Rachel Carson Prize]], founded in [[Stavanger]], Norway in 1991, is awarded to women who have made a contribution in the field of environmental protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rachelcarsonprisen.no/eng/The-Prize/What-is-the-Rachel-Carson-Prize|title=What is the Rachel Carson Prize?|publisher=Rachel Carson-prisen|access-date=March 15, 2010|archive-date=March 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313083752/http://www.rachelcarsonprisen.no/eng/The-Prize/What-is-the-Rachel-Carson-Prize|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[American Society for Environmental History]] has awarded the Rachel Carson Prize for Best Dissertation since 1993.<ref>[http://aseh.net/awards-funding/award-recipients Award Recipients—American Society for Environmental History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214162914/http://aseh.net/awards-funding/award-recipients |date=February 14, 2015 }}. Retrieved February 14, 2015.</ref> Since 1998, the [[Society for Social Studies of Science]] has awarded an annual [[Rachel Carson Prize (academic book prize)|Rachel Carson Book Prize]] for "a book length work of social or political relevance in the area of science and technology studies."<ref>[http://www.4sonline.org/carson.htm Rachel Carson Book Prize, 4S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227140549/http://www.4sonline.org/carson.htm |date=December 27, 2007 }}. Retrieved September 11, 2007.</ref> The [[Society of Environmental Journalists]] gives an annual award and two honourable mentions for books on environmental issues in Carson's name, such as was awarded to [[Joe Roman]]'s ''[[Listed: Dispatches from America's Endangered Species Act]]''<ref>{{cite book|title = Listed: Dispatches from America's Endangered Species Act|year = 2011|first = Joe|last = Roman|author-link = Joe Roman|publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]|isbn = 9780674061279}}</ref> in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title = Winners: SEJ 11th Annual Awards for Reporting on the Environment|work = [[Society of Environmental Journalists]]|date = October 17, 2012|access-date = July 15, 2017|url = http://www.sej.org/initiatives/winners-sej-11th-annual-awards-reporting-environment#RachelCarsonBook|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170824053431/http://www.sej.org/initiatives/winners-sej-11th-annual-awards-reporting-environment#RachelCarsonBook|archive-date = August 24, 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref> The [[Sierra Club]] and its foundation recognize donors who have provided for the club in their estate plans as the Rachel Carson Society.<ref name="rachel-carson-society">{{cite web |title=Rachel Carson Society |url=https://www.sierraclubfoundation.org/node/287/giving-societies/rachel-carson-society |website=Sierra Club Foundation |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510124923/https://www.sierraclubfoundation.org/node/287/giving-societies/rachel-carson-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (Germany) awards post-doctoral fellowships in the area of the environment and society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellowships – Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society – LMU Munich |url=https://www.carsoncenter.uni-muenchen.de/fellows/index.html |access-date=January 19, 2022 |website=www.carsoncenter.uni-muenchen.de |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Rachel Carson (sculpture)|''Rachel Carson'']] sculpture in [[Woods Hole, Massachusetts]] was unveiled on July 14, 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shanklin|first=Radford|date=2013|title=A Rachel Carson Memorial|url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i36/Rachel-Carson-Memorial.html|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|publisher=American Chemical Society|volume=91|issue=36|pages=8–9}}</ref> Google created a [[Google Doodle]] for Carson's 107th birthday on May 27, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cavna|first=Michael|title=RACHEL LOUISE CARSON: Google lets fly a Doodle true to 'Silent Spring' writer's nature|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2014/05/27/rachel-louise-carson-google-lets-fly-a-doodle-true-to-environmental-writers-nature/|access-date=May 28, 2014|newspaper=Washington Post|date=May 27, 2014}}</ref> Carson was featured during the "HerStory" video tribute to notable women on [[U2]]'s tour in 2017 for the 30th anniversary of ''[[The Joshua Tree]]'' during a performance of "Ultraviolet (Light My Way)"<ref>{{cite web |last=Sams |first=Initial design & architecture by Carl Uebelhart. Further development by Aaron |title=u2songs – The Women of Ultra Violet: Light My (Mysterious) Ways: Leg 1 – |url=http://www.u2songs.com/news/updated_the_women_of_ultra_violet_light_my_way |website=www.u2songs.com}}</ref> from the band's 1991 album ''[[Achtung Baby]]''.

====Centennial events====
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?197626-1/rachel-carson-centennial Panel discussion on Rachel Carson's centennial with Roland Clement, Annick Smith, Stewart Udall, and Edward O. Wilson, June 2, 2007], [[C-SPAN]]}}
[[File:Rachel Carson 100th birthday crowd.jpg|thumb|The celebration of the 100th anniversary of Carson's birth in May 2007 in [[Springdale, Pennsylvania]]]]
The centennial of Carson's birth occurred in 2007. On [[Earth Day]] (April 22), ''Courage for the Earth: Writers, Scientists, and Activists Celebrate the Life and Writing of Rachel Carson'' released as "a centennial appreciation of Rachel Carson's brave life and transformative writing." It included 13 essays by environmental writers and scientists.<ref>[http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/catalog/titledetail.cfm?titleNumber=694257 Houghton Mifflin Trade and Reference Division, ''Courage for the Earth'' release information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082910/http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/catalog/titledetail.cfm?titleNumber=694257 |date=September 29, 2007 }}. Retrieved September 23, 2007.</ref>

Democratic Senator [[Ben Cardin|Benjamin L. Cardin]] of [[Maryland]] had intended to submit a resolution celebrating Carson for her "legacy of scientific rigor coupled with poetic sensibility" on the 100th anniversary of her birth. The resolution was blocked by Republican Senator [[Tom Coburn]] of [[Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite news |author=David A. Fahrenthold |title=Bill to honor Rachel Carson Blocked |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/22/AR2007052201574.html |newspaper=Washington Post |date=May 23, 2007}}</ref>

On May 27, 2007, the Rachel Carson Homestead Association held a birthday party and sustainable feast at her birthplace and home in [[Springdale, Pennsylvania]], and the first Rachel Carson Legacy Conference in [[Pittsburgh]] with [[E. O. Wilson]] as keynote speaker. Both Rachel's Sustainable Feast and the conference continue as annual events.

Also in 2007, American author Ginger Wadsworth wrote a biography of Carson.<ref name="Tierney2007">{{cite book|author=Susan M. Tierney|title=Children's Writer Guide To 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2WgnFUNk-0C|date=November 1, 2007|publisher=Writer's Institute Publications|isbn=978-1-889715-38-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philpot |first=Chelsey |date=June 10, 2012 |title=Young readers' (nonrequired) summer books list – The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2012/06/09/young-readers-nonrequired-summer-books-list/ISqTceeipw75pdVbxPUBKK/story.html |access-date=July 2, 2023 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}</ref>