Editing Quechuan languages (section)

==Vocabulary==
Quechua has [[Loanword|borrowed]] a large number of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] words, such as ''piru'' (from ''pero'', "but"), ''bwenu'' (from {{Lang|es|bueno}}, "good"), ''iskwila'' (from {{Lang|es|escuela}}, "school"), ''waka'' (from {{Lang|es|vaca}}, "cow") and ''wuru'' (from {{Lang|es|burro}}, "donkey").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muysken |first1=Pieter |title=Root/affix asymmetries in contact and transfer: case studies from the Andes |journal=International Journal of Bilingualism |date=March 2012 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=22–36 |doi=10.1177/1367006911403211 |s2cid=143633302 }}</ref>

A number of Quechua words have entered [[English language|English]] and [[English language|French]] via [[Spanish language|Spanish]], including ''[[coca]]'', ''[[condor]]'', ''[[guano]]'', ''[[jerky]]'', ''[[llama]]'', ''[[pampa]]'', ''[[poncho]]'', ''[[puma (genus)|puma]]'', ''[[quinine]]'', ''[[quinoa]]'', ''[[vicuña]]'' ({{Lang|fr|vigogne}} in French), and, possibly, ''[[gaucho]]''. The word ''[[lagniappe]]'' comes from the Quechuan word ''yapay'' "to increase, to add". The word first came into Spanish then [[Louisiana French]], with the French or Spanish article ''la'' in front of it, ''la ñapa'' in Louisiana French or Creole, or {{Lang|es|la yapa}} in Spanish. A rare instance of a Quechua word being taken into general Spanish use is given by ''carpa'' for "tent" (Quechua ''karpa'').<ref>Edward A. Roberts, ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language...'', 2014.</ref>

The Quechua influence on [[Latin American Spanish]] includes such borrowings as ''papa'' "potato", ''chuchaqui'' "hangover" in [[Ecuador]], and diverse borrowings for "[[altitude sickness]]": ''suruqch'i'' in [[Bolivia]], ''sorojchi'' in [[Ecuador]], and ''soroche'' in [[Peru]].

In Bolivia, particularly, Quechua words are used extensively even by non-Quechua speakers. These include ''wawa'' "baby, infant", ''chʼaki'' "hangover", ''misi'' "cat", ''jukʼucho'' "mouse", ''qʼumer uchu'' "green pepper", ''jaku'' "let's go", ''chhiri'' and ''chhurco'' "curly haired", among many others. Quechua grammar also enters Bolivian Spanish, such as the use of the suffix ''-ri''. In Bolivian Quechua, ''-ri'' is added to verbs to signify an action is performed with affection or, in the imperative, as a rough equivalent to "please". In Bolivia, ''-ri'' is often included in the Spanish imperative to imply "please" or to soften commands. For example, the standard ''pásame'' "pass me [something]" becomes ''pasarime''.

===Etymology of Quechua===
At first, Spaniards referred to the language of the Inca empire as the ''lengua general'', the ''general tongue''. The name ''quichua'' was first used in 1560 by [[Domingo de Santo Tomás]] in his ''Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú''.<ref name=Adelaar179>Adelaar 2004, p. 179.</ref> It is not known what name the native speakers gave to their language before colonial times and whether it was Spaniards who called it ''quechua''.<ref name=Adelaar179/>

There are two possible etymologies of Quechua as the name of the language. There is a possibility that the name Quechua was derived from ''*qiĉwa'', the native word which originally meant the "temperate valley" altitude ecological zone in the Andes (suitable for maize cultivation) and to its inhabitants.<ref name=Adelaar179/> Alternatively, [[Pedro Cieza de León]] and [[Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]], the early Spanish chroniclers, mention the existence of a people called Quichua in the present [[Apurímac Region]], and it could be inferred that their name was given to the entire language.<ref name="Adelaar179" />

The Hispanicised spellings ''Quechua'' and ''Quichua'' have been used in Peru and Bolivia since the 17th century, especially after the [[Third Council of Lima]]. Today, the various local pronunciations of "Quechua" include {{IPA|qu|ˈqʰeʃwa ~ ˈqʰeswa|}}, {{IPA|qu|ˈχɪt͡ʃwa|}}, {{IPA|qu|ˈkit͡ʃwa|}}, and {{IPA|qu|ˈʔiʈ͡ʂwa|}}.

Another name that native speakers give to their own language is ''runa simi'', "language of man/people"; it also seems to have emerged during the colonial period.<ref name=Adelaar179/>