Editing Puyi (section)

== Captive in Manchuria (1931–1932) ==
In September&nbsp;1931, Puyi sent a letter to [[Jirō Minami]], the Japanese Minister of War, expressing his desire to be restored to the throne.<ref name="Two Homelands" /> On the night of 18&nbsp;September 1931, the [[Mukden incident]] began when the Japanese [[Kwantung Army]] blew up a section of railroad belonging to the Japanese-owned [[South Manchuria Railway|South Manchurian Railroad company]] and blamed the warlord Marshal [[Zhang Xueliang]].{{sfnp|Behr|1987|p=181}} On this pretext the Kwantung Army began a general offensive with the aim of conquering all of Manchuria.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|p=182}} Puyi was visited by Kenji Doihara, head of the espionage office of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who proposed establishing Puyi as head of a Manchurian state. The Japanese further bribed a café worker to tell Puyi that a contract was out on his life in an attempt to frighten Puyi into moving.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|p=191}}
[[File:溥仪.jpg|thumb|Formal portrait, 1930]]
The Empress Wanrong was firmly against Puyi's plans to go to Manchuria, which she called treason, and for a moment Puyi hesitated, leading Doihara to send for Puyi's cousin, the very pro-Japanese [[Yoshiko Kawashima]] (also known as "Eastern Jewel", ''Dongzhen''), to visit him to change his mind. Yoshiko, a strong-willed, flamboyant, openly bisexual woman noted for her habit of wearing male clothing and uniforms, had much influence on Puyi. In the [[Tientsin Incident (1931)|Tientsin Incident]] of November 1931, Puyi and Zheng Xiaoxu travelled to Manchuria to complete plans for the puppet state of Manchukuo. Puyi left his house in Tianjin by hiding in the trunk of a car.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|pp=190–192}} The Chinese government ordered his arrest for treason, but was unable to breach the Japanese protection.{{sfnp|Blakeney|1945}} Puyi boarded a Japanese ship that took him across the Bohai, and when he landed in Port Arthur (modern Lüshun), he was greeted by the man who was to become his minder, General [[Masahiko Amakasu]], who took them to a resort owned by the South Manchurian Railroad company.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|p=193}} Amakasu was a fearsome man who told Puyi how in the [[Amakasu Incident]] of 1923 he had the feminist [[Noe Itō]], her lover the anarchist [[Sakae Ōsugi]], and a six-year-old boy strangled as they were "enemies of the Emperor", and he likewise would kill Puyi if he should prove to be an "enemy of the Emperor".{{sfnp|Behr|1987|p=193}} Chen Baochen returned to Beijing, where he died in 1935.<ref name="Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary">{{cite book |last=Leung |first=Edwin Pak-Wah |title=Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-30216-9 |pages=10, 127, 128}}</ref>

Once he arrived in Manchuria, Puyi discovered that he was a prisoner and was not allowed outside the Yamato Hotel, ostensibly to protect him from assassination. Wanrong had stayed in Tianjin, and remained opposed to Puyi's decision to work with the Japanese, requiring her friend Eastern Jewel to visit numerous times to convince her to go to Manchuria. Behr commented that if Wanrong had been a stronger woman, she might have remained in Tianjin and filed for divorce, but ultimately she accepted Eastern Jewel's argument that it was her duty as a wife to follow her husband, and six weeks after the Tientsin incident, she too crossed the East China Sea to Port Arthur with Eastern Jewel to keep her company.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|pp=194–196}}

In early 1932, General [[Seishirō Itagaki]] informed Puyi that the new state was to be a republic with him as Chief Executive; the capital was to be Changchun; his form of address was to be "Your Excellency", not "Your Imperial Majesty"; and there were to be no references to Puyi ruling with the "[[Mandate of Heaven]]", all of which displeased Puyi. The suggestion that Manchukuo was to be based on popular sovereignty with the 34&nbsp;million people of Manchuria "asking" that Puyi rule over them was completely contrary to Puyi's ideas about his right to rule by the Mandate of Heaven.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|pp=198–199}}

Itagaki suggested to Puyi that in a few years Manchukuo might become a monarchy and that Manchuria was just the beginning, as Japan had ambitions to take all of China; the obvious implication was that Puyi would become the Great Qing Emperor again.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|pp=198–199}} When Puyi objected to Itagaki's plans, he was told that he was in no position to negotiate as Itagaki had no interest in his opinions on these issues.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|p=199}} Unlike Doihara, who was always very polite and constantly stroked Puyi's ego, Itagaki was brutally rude and brusque, barking out orders as if to a particularly dim-witted common soldier.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|p=199}} Itagaki had promised Puyi's chief advisor Zheng Xiaoxu that he would be the Manchukuo prime minister, an offer that appealed to his vanity enough that he persuaded Puyi to accept the Japanese terms, telling him that Manchukuo would soon become a monarchy and history would repeat itself as Puyi would conquer the rest of China from his Manchurian base just as the Qing had done in 1644.{{sfnp|Behr|1987|p=199}} In Japanese propaganda, Puyi was always celebrated both in traditionalist terms as a Confucian "Sage King" out to restore virtue and as a revolutionary who would end the oppression of the common people by a program of wholesale modernisation.{{sfnp|Young|1998|p=286}}