Editing Protected area (section)

==Effectiveness==

A main goal of protected areas is to prevent [[loss of biodiversity]]. However, their effectiveness is limited by their small size and isolation from each other (which influence the maintenance of species), their restricted role in preventing [[climate change]], [[invasive species]], and pollution, their high costs, and their increasing conflict with human demands for nature's resources.<ref name="MoraAndSale2011"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Regos|first1=Adrian|last2=D'Amen|first2=M|last3=Titeux|first3=Nicolas|last4=Herrando|first4=S|last5=Guisan|first5=A|last6=Brotons|first6=Lluis|title=Predicting the future effectiveness of protected areas for bird conservation in Mediterranean ecosystems under climate change and novel fire regime scenarios.|journal=Diversity and Distributions|date=2016|volume=22|issue=1|pages=83–96|doi=10.1111/ddi.12375|bibcode=2016DivDi..22...83R |s2cid=53593929|url=http://arxiudigital.ctfc.cat/docs/upload/27_490_Regos%20et%20al.%20-%202015%20-%20Predicting.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806072921/http://arxiudigital.ctfc.cat/docs/upload/27_490_Regos%20et%20al.%20-%202015%20-%20Predicting.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-06 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ansell |first1=Dean |last2=Freudenberger |first2=David |last3=Munro |first3=Nicola |last4=Gibbons |first4=Philip |title=The cost-effectiveness of agri-environment schemes for biodiversity conservation: A quantitative review |journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment |date=June 2016 |volume=225 |pages=184–191 |doi=10.1016/J.AGEE.2016.04.008|bibcode=2016AgEE..225..184A |hdl=1885/109128 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferraro |first1=Paul J |last2=Pattanayak |first2=Subhrendu K |title=Money for Nothing? A Call for Empirical Evaluation of Biodiversity Conservation Investments |journal=PLOS Biology |date=11 April 2006 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=e105 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040105|pmid=16602825 |pmc=1435411 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, the type of habitat,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petersen |first1=Anders Højgård |last2=Strange |first2=Niels |last3=Anthon |first3=Signe |last4=Bjørner |first4=Thomas Bue |last5=Rahbek |first5=Carsten |title=Conserving what, where and how? Cost-efficient measures to conserve biodiversity in Denmark |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |date=February 2016 |volume=29 |pages=33–44 |doi=10.1016/J.JNC.2015.10.004|bibcode=2016JNatC..29...33P}}</ref> species composition, legal issues and governance,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schöttker |first1=Oliver |last2=Santos |first2=Maria João |title=Easement or public land? An economic analysis of different ownership modes for nature conservation measures in California |journal=Conservation Letters |date=November 2019 |volume=12 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/conl.12647|bibcode=2019ConL...12E2647S |s2cid=145952617 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schöttker |first1=Oliver |last2=Johst |first2=Karin |last3=Drechsler |first3=Martin |last4=Wätzold |first4=Frank |title=Land for biodiversity conservation — To buy or borrow? |journal=Ecological Economics |date=September 2016 |volume=129 |pages=94–103 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.011|bibcode=2016EcoEc.129...94S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Drechsler |first1=Martin |last2=Johst |first2=Karin |last3=Wätzold |first3=Frank |title=The cost-effective length of contracts for payments to compensate land owners for biodiversity conservation measures |journal=Biological Conservation |date=March 2017 |volume=207 |pages=72–79 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.014|bibcode=2017BCons.207...72D }}</ref> play important roles.

One major problem is that only 18% of the area covered by protected areas have been assessed, hence the effectiveness of most of them remains unclear.<ref name="PR" />