Editing Postmodernism (section)

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Portland_Building_1982.jpg|alt=Michael Graves "Portland Building" (1982)|thumb|[[Portland Building]] (1982) by [[Michael Graves]], considered the first built example of postmodern architecture in a tall building<ref name="trib-nov20112">{{cite news |date=November 17, 2011 |title=Portland Building gets a place on national history list |url=http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=15793 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114428/http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=15793 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |newspaper=[[Portland Tribune]]}}</ref> and "a seminal Postmodern work"<ref name="D-GravesDies2">{{cite journal |author=Marcus Fairs |date=March 12, 2015 |title=Michael Graves dies aged 80 |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2015/03/12/michael-graves-dies-aged-80/ |journal=Dezeen |access-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref>]]
[[File:Espicopal Acad int.JPG|thumb|Interior of the Chapel at the [[Episcopal Academy]] near [[Newtown Square]], PA by alumnus of the Academy architect [[Robert Venturi]] ]]
{{Main|Postmodern architecture}}

Scholarship regarding postmodernism and architecture is closely linked with the writings of critic-turned-architect [[Charles Jencks]], beginning with lectures in the early 1970s and his essay "The Rise of Post-Modern Architecture" from 1975.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jencks |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Jencks |date=1975 |title=The Rise of Post Modern Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdtUAAAAMAAJ&q=The+rise+of+Post-Modern+architecture |journal=Architectural Association Quarterly |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=3–14 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> His ''magnum opus'', however, is the book ''The Language of Post-Modern Architecture'', first published in 1977, and since running to seven editions<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jencks |first=Charles |title=The language of post-modern architecture |publisher=Rizzoli |year=1977 |isbn=0-8478-0167-5 |location=New York}}</ref> (in which he famously wrote: "Modern architecture died in St. Louis, Missouri, on 15 July 1972 at 3:32 p.m. (or thereabouts) when the infamous [[Pruitt–Igoe]] scheme, or rather several of its slab blocks, were given the final coup de grâce by dynamite."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beal |first=Justin |date=2022 |title=What is/was Post-Modern (or Never Take the Marble for Granite) |url=https://www.jencksfoundation.org/explore/text/what-is-was-post-modern-or-never-take-the-marble-for-granite#77c4d4167e90 |access-date=Oct 6, 2024 |website=Jencks Foundation}}</ref>).

Jencks makes the point that postmodernism (like modernism) varies for each field of art, and that for architecture it is not just a reaction to modernism but what he terms ''double coding'': "Double Coding: the combination of Modern techniques with something else (usually traditional building) in order for architecture to communicate with the public and a concerned minority, usually other architects."<ref>{{cite book |last=Jencks |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Jencks |title=The Language of Post-Modern Architecture |publisher=Academy Editions |location=London |date=1974}}</ref>

In their book, "Revisiting Postmodernism", [[Terry Farrell (architect)|Terry Farrell]] and Adam Furman argue that postmodernism brought a more joyous and sensual experience to the culture, particularly in architecture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farrell |first=Terry |title=Revisiting Postmodernism |publisher=[[RIBA Publishing]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-85946-632-2 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne}}</ref> For instance, in response to the modernist slogan of [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] that "less is more", the postmodernist Robert Venturi rejoined that "less is a bore".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schudel |first=Matt |date=2018-09-28 |title=Remembering Robert Venturi, the US architect who said: 'Less is a bore' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/robert-venturi-postmodern-architect-less-is-a-bore-a8555936.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016075701/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/robert-venturi-postmodern-architect-less-is-a-bore-a8555936.html |archive-date=2022-10-16 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Independent}}</ref>