Editing Portugal (section)

=== Iberian Union and Restoration ===
{{Main|Iberian Union}}

Portugal voluntarily entered a dynastic union (1580&ndash;1640) because the last two kings of the [[House of Aviz]] ([[Sebastian, King of Portugal]], followed by his grand-uncle [[Henry, King of Portugal]]) died without heirs, resulting in the [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580]]. [[Philip II of Spain]] claimed the throne, under the pretext that his mother was a Portuguese princess, [[Isabella of Portugal]], the second child and first daughter of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]]. Philip II of Spain was accepted as Philip I of Portugal. Yet, Portugal did not lose its formal independence. Instead, a [[Iberian Union|union]] of kingdoms was formed. But the joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy, and led to its involvement in the [[Eighty Years' War]] between Spain and the Netherlands.

[[File:Europa - Portugal - Lisboa - Mafra - Palacio.jpg|thumb|[[Palace of Mafra]] built by John V, now a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]]]
War led to a deterioration of relations with [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|Portugal's oldest ally, England]], and the loss of [[Ormus|Hormuz]], a strategic trading post located between [[Iran]] and [[Oman]]. From 1595 to 1663 the [[Dutch-Portuguese War|Dutch Portuguese War]] primarily involved Dutch companies invading Portuguese [[colonies]] and commercial interests in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of Portugal's Indian sea trade monopoly.

In 1640 [[John IV of Portugal]] spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The [[Portuguese Restoration War]] ended the 60-year period of the Iberian Union under the [[House of Habsburg]]. This was the beginning of the [[House of Braganza]], which reigned until 1910. [[John V of Portugal|John V]] saw a reign characterized by the influx of gold into the royal treasury, supplied largely by the [[royal fifth]] (tax on precious metals) from the [[Portuguese empire|Portuguese colonies]] of [[State of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[State of Maranhão (colonial)|Maranhão]]. Most estimates place the number of Portuguese migrants to [[Colonial Brazil]] during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000.<ref name="ibge">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |title=IBGE teen |publisher=Ibge.gov.br |access-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125045233/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |archive-date=25 January 2012 }}</ref> This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies, during colonial times.