Editing Pope Pius XII (section)

===Appointments===
After his election, he made [[Luigi Maglione]] his successor as Cardinal Secretary of State. Cardinal Maglione, a seasoned Vatican diplomat, had reestablished diplomatic relations with Switzerland and was for twelve years [[Apostolic Nunciature to France|nuncio in Paris]]. Yet, Maglione did not exercise the influence of his predecessor Pacelli, who as Pope continued his close relation with Giovanni Battista Montini (later [[Pope Paul VI]]) and [[Domenico Tardini]]. After the death of Maglione in 1944, Pius left the position open and named Tardini head of its foreign section and Montini head of the internal section.<ref>Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs and Congregation of Ordinary Affairs</ref> Tardini and Montini continued serving there until 1953, when Pius XII decided to appoint them cardinals,<ref>Pio XII, ''La Allocuzione nel consistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953'' in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessagi di Sua Santita Vatican City, 1953, p. 455</ref> an honor which both turned down.<ref>Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 157</ref> They were then later appointed to be Pro-Secretary with the privilege to wear Episcopal Insignia.<ref>Giulio Nicolini, Il Cardinale Domenico Tardini, Padova, 1980; {{ISBN|88-7026-340-1}}; p. 313</ref> Tardini continued to be a close co-worker of the Pope until the death of Pius XII, while Montini became [[archbishop of Milan]], after the death of [[Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster]].

Pius XII slowly eroded the Italian monopoly on the [[Roman Curia]]; he employed German and Dutch [[Jesuit]] advisors, Robert Leiber, [[Augustin Bea]], and [[Sebastian Tromp]]. He also supported the elevation of Americans such as Cardinal [[Francis Spellman]] from a minor to a major role in the church.<ref>In the Secretariat of State he had actively supported "foreigners", for example [[Francis Spellman]], the American monsignor, whom he consecrated himself as the first American Bishop in the Vatican curia. Spellman had organized and accompanied Pacelli's American journey and arranged a meeting with President Roosevelt. Only 30 days after his coronation, on 12 April 1939, Pope Pius XII named Spellman as [[archbishop of New York]].</ref><ref>Gannon, Robert I. ''The Cardinal Spellman Story'', Doubleday Company, New York, 1962</ref> After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him. American appointees included [[Joseph P. Hurley]] as regent of the [[Apostolic Nunciature to Yugoslavia|nunciature in Belgrade]], [[Gerald P. O'Hara]] as [[Apostolic Nunciature to Romania|nuncio to Romania]], and [[Aloisius Joseph Muench]] as nuncio to Germany. For the first time, numerous young Europeans, Asians and "Americans were trained in various congregations and secretariats within the Vatican for eventual service throughout the world".<ref>Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr. ''Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace''; p. 370</ref>