Editing Pope Adrian IV (section)

===Imperial coronation, 1155===
The Emperor was, though, eventually persuaded, performed the necessary services. He was eventually crowned in [[Nepi]] on 18 June.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}}{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}}{{refn|Both parties' perspectives were recorded subsequently by sympathetic chroniclers. That of the Empire recorded a meeting characterised by peace and harmony, while Boso describes a tense situation in which the honour of the Papacy was at stake.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}}|group=note}} Peace was maintained at Nepi, however, and both Pope and Emperor dined together, wearing their crowns in a joint celebration of the Feast of [[Saints Peter and Paul]].{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=464}} There was much rejoicing, and contemporaries went so far as to proclaim that "a single state had been created from two princely courts".{{sfn|Freed|2016|pp=25–26}} Ullmann, on the other hand, argues that, not only was the Emperor's power clearly derivative of the Pope but that Adrian himself had further diluted it in his rendition of the coronation ceremony.{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|pp=240–241}}{{refn|Not only was the Emperor anointed on the shoulder, rather than as previously, on the head, but Adrian introduced a lower-quality oil. He also altered the procedural order of the ceremony. Since 1014, Emperors were first consecrated by the cardinals and then anointed by the Pope, within the [[Coronation Mass]] itself. Adrian, however, decided that the anointing should come before the mass. Explains Ullmann, "the underlying reason being that only an ecclesiastical ordo was conferred during mass, but since the future emperor did not receive an ordo, the unction had to be performed before the mass".{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=241}}|group=note}} Nor was there an official enthronement for the new emperor.{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=242}}

This ceremony, says Sayers, was arguably a new version of the traditional one, which now "highlight[ed] the difference between the anointing of a mere layman and that of a priest".{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Previously, Emperors had been anointed on the head, as a priest was; this time, Adrian anointed Barbarossa between the shoulders.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Further, the Pope invested him with a sword, which emphasised the Emperor's role—as Adrian saw it—as the defender of the Papacy and its privileges.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Adrian, on the other hand, disallowed his [[Chancery (medieval office)|chancery]] from addressing the Emperor by either of his preferred titles, ''augustus semper'' or ''semper augustus''.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=56}} It may be that Adrian had been frightened by the Emperor's decisive approach on Rome{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=144}}—Duggan notes he "impos[ed] obedience on recalcitrant cities and proclaim[ed] the resumption of Imperial rights" as he did.{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=109}} If so, that may have led him to over-reacting the face of a perceived slight, however small.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=144}}

Following the Imperial coronation, both sides appear to have taken extra care to ensure they abided by the Treaty of Constance. Barbarossa, for example, refused to entertain an embassy from the Roman commune.{{sfn|Morris|1989|p=191}} He did not, however, further perform as Adrian hoped, and did not defend the Papacy.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Indeed, he stayed in Rome only enough time to be crowned, and then left immediately: "dubious protection" for the Pope, comments Barber.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}} Before he left, however, his army was drawn into a bloody clash with Rome's citizens,{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}} incensed at what they saw as a display of Imperial authority in their city.{{sfn|Whalen|2014|p=126}} Over 1,000 Romans died.{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}} The Senate continued revolting in Rome and William of Sicily remained entrenched in the Patrimony. Adrian was trapped between King and Emperor.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} Freed suggests that Barbarossa's failure to suppress the Roman commune for Adrian led the Pope to believe the Emperor had broken the Treaty of Constance.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=152}} Further, on the Emperor's march north, his army [[Looting|sacked]] and [[Demolition|razed]] the town of [[Spoleto]].{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}} Adrian left Rome also, as his relations with the commune were still too fragile for him to be able to guarantee his safety following the Emperor's departure.{{sfn|Whalen|2014|p=126}} As a result, the Pope was left in "virtual exile" in Viterbo,{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} and relations between the two declined further.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}}