Editing Pollen (section)

===Parasites===
The growing industries in pollen harvesting for human and bee consumption rely on harvesting pollen baskets from honey bees as they return to their hives using a ''pollen trap''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBP9pw2rNk4 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/JBP9pw2rNk4| archive-date=2021-11-04 | url-status=live| title=How a Pollen Trap Works (Bee Pollen)| website=[[YouTube]]| date=30 April 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> When this pollen has been tested for parasites, it has been found that a multitude of viruses and eukaryotic parasites are present in the pollen.<ref name=Graystock2013>{{cite journal |last1=Graystock |first1=Peter |last2=Yates |first2=Kathryn |last3=Evison |first3=Sophie E. F. |last4=Darvill |first4=Ben |last5=Goulson |first5=Dave |last6=Hughes |first6=William O. H. |s2cid=3937352 |title=The Trojan hives: pollinator pathogens, imported and distributed in bumblebee colonies |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |date=July 2013 |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1207–1215 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12134|bibcode=2013JApEc..50.1207G }}</ref><ref name=Singh2010>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Rajwinder |last2=Levitt |first2=Abby L. |last3=Rajotte |first3=Edwin G. |last4=Holmes |first4=Edward C. |last5=Ostiguy |first5=Nancy |last6=vanEngelsdorp |first6=Dennis |last7=Lipkin |first7=W. Ian |last8=dePamphilis |first8=Claude W. |last9=Toth |first9=Amy L. |last10=Cox-Foster |first10=Diana L. |last11=Traveset |first11=Anna |title=RNA Viruses in Hymenopteran Pollinators: Evidence of Inter-Taxa Virus Transmission via Pollen and Potential Impact on Non-Apis Hymenopteran Species |journal=PLOS ONE |date=22 December 2010 |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=e14357 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014357 |pmid=21203504 |pmc=3008715|bibcode=2010PLoSO...514357S|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is currently unclear if the parasites are introduced by the bee that collected the pollen or if it is from the flower.<ref name="Singh2010" /><ref name=ParaBloom>{{cite journal |last1=Graystock |first1=Peter |last2=Goulson |first2=Dave |last3=Hughes |first3=William O. H. |title=Parasites in bloom: flowers aid dispersal and transmission of pollinator parasites within and between bee species |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=5 August 2015 |volume=282 |issue=1813 |pages=20151371 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.1371 |pmid=26246556 |pmc=4632632}}</ref> Though this is not likely to pose a risk to humans, it is a major issue for the bumblebee rearing industry that relies on thousands of tonnes of honey bee collected pollen per year.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graystock |first1=Peter |last2=Blane |first2=Edward J. |last3=McFrederick |first3=Quinn S. |last4=Goulson |first4=Dave |last5=Hughes |first5=William O.H. |title=Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees? |journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=64–75 |date=October 2015 |doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.10.001 |pmid=28560161 |pmc=5439461}}</ref> Several sterilization methods have been employed, though no method has been 100% effective at sterilisation without reducing the nutritional value of the pollen <ref name=steralization>{{cite journal |last1=Graystock |first1=P. |last2=Jones |first2=J.C. |last3=Pamminger |first3=T. |last4=Parkinson |first4=J.F. |last5=Norman |first5=V. |last6=Blane |first6=E.J. |last7=Rothstein |first7=L. |last8=Wäckers |first8=F.|last9=Goulson |first9=D. |last10=Hughes |first10=W.O.H. |title=Hygienic food to reduce pathogen risk to bumblebees |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |date=May 2016 |volume=136 |pages=68–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jip.2016.03.007 |pmid=26970260|bibcode=2016JInvP.136...68G }}</ref>