Editing Politics of Libya (section)

==Libyan politics under Muammar Gaddafi==
{{main|Politics of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi}}

After originally rising to power through a military ''[[coup d'état]]'' in 1969, Colonel [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s governance of Libya became increasingly centric on the teachings of his ''[[The Green Book (Gaddafi)|Green Book]]'', which he published in the mid-1970s chapter by chapter as a foundation for a new form of government.<ref name=cp>{{cpref|country=Libya|date=April 2005}}</ref> This ''[[Third International Theory|jamahiriya]]'', as he called it, was supposedly a form of [[direct democracy]] in which power was balanced between a [[General People's Congress (Libya)|General People's Congress]], consisting of 2,700 representatives of [[Basic People's Congress (political)|Basic People's Congress]]es, and an executive [[General People's Committee]], headed by a [[List of heads of state of Libya|General Secretary]], who reported to the prime minister and the president. However, Gaddafi retained virtually all power, continuing to operate and control vestiges of the military junta put in place in 1969.

Gaddafi's authoritarian rule, a transition from the former monarchical structure, aligns with Samuels' finding that most military coups spark change from one form of non-democratic government to another.<ref>Samuels, David (2021). Comparative Politics (2nd ed.). Pearson. p. 123. {{ISBN|978-0-13-752727-4}}.</ref> Gaddafi acted as a [[Military dictatorship|military]]/[[Dictatorship|personalist]] leader during his 42-year reign, nearly tripling the average ruling length of 15.1 years for this regime type, as found by political scientist [[Barbara Geddes]] in her 1999 publication.<ref>Geddes, Barbara (1999). "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?". ''Annual Review of Political Science''.</ref> Still, Gaddafi's regime did follow many of the military/personalist tropes that Geddes outlined: failing after its leader's death, relying on unstable personal networks to rule, and facing military opposition during the reign.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geddes |first=Barbara |date=1999 |title=What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years? |journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=2 |pages=115–144 |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115 }}</ref>

The [[Libyan civil war (2011)|Libyan revolt of 2011]] that ultimately ended Gaddafi's reign was partially inspired by both Tunisia and Egypt's attempted [[democratization]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya Revolt of 2011 {{!}} History, War, Timeline, & Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Libya-Revolt-of-2011 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> demonstrating the [[Neighbourhood effect|neighborhood effect]]: a theory that postulates countries will be influenced by their neighbors when adopting regime types.<ref>Samuels, David (2021). Comparative Politics (2nd ed.). Pearson. p. 130. {{ISBN|978-0-13-752727-4}}.</ref>

===Wanted figures===
{{See also|International Criminal Court investigation in Libya}}
[[Interpol]] on 4 March 2011 issued a security alert concerning the "possible movement of dangerous individuals and assets" based on [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970]], which imposed a travel ban and asset freeze. The warning lists Gaddafi himself and 15 key members of his government:<ref>[http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2011/PR015ON.pdf Interpol File No.:  2011/108/OS/CCC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223011244/http://www.interpol.int/ |date=23 December 2012 }}, 4 March 2011.</ref>
# [[Muammar Gaddafi]]: Responsibility for ordering repression of demonstrations, human rights abuses. *Killed 20 October 2011 in Sirte*
# Dr. [[Baghdadi Mahmudi]]: Head of the Liaison Office of the Revolutionary Committees.  Revolutionary Committees involved in violence against demonstrators.
# [[Abuzed Omar Dorda]]: Director, External Security Organization. Government loyalist. Head of external intelligence agency.
# Major-General [[Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr]]: Defense Minister. Overall responsibility for actions of armed forces. *Killed 20 October 2011 in Sirte* 
# [[Ayesha Gaddafi]]: Daughter of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government.
# [[Hannibal Gaddafi|Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi]]:  Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government.
# [[Mutassim Gaddafi]]: National Security Adviser. Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government. *Killed 20 October 2011 in Sirte* 
# [[Al-Saadi Gaddafi]]: Commander Special Forces. Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government. Command of military units involved in repression of demonstrations. 
# [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]]: Director, Gaddafi Foundation. Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government. Inflammatory public statements encouraging violence against demonstrators.
# [[Abdulqader Yusef Dibri]]: Head of Muammar Gaddafi's personal security. Responsibility for government security. History of directing violence against dissidents.
# [[Matuq Mohammed Matuq]]: Secretary for Utilities. Senior member of government. Involvement with Revolutionary Committees. Past history of involvement in suppression of dissent and violence.
# [[Sayyid Mohammed Qadhaf Al-dam]]: Cousin of Muammar Gaddafi. In the 1980s, Sayyid was involved in the dissident assassination campaign and allegedly responsible for several deaths in Europe. He is also thought to have been involved in arms procurement.
# [[Khamis Gaddafi]]: Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government. Command of military units involved in repression of demonstrations.
# [[Muhammad Gaddafi]]: Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government.
# [[Saif al-Arab Gaddafi]]: Son of Muammar Gaddafi. Closeness of association with government.
# Colonel [[Abdullah Senussi]]: Director Military Intelligence. Military Intelligence involvement in suppression of demonstrations. Past history includes suspicion of involvement in Abu Selim prison massacre. Convicted in absentia for bombing of UTA flight. Brother-in-law of Muammar Gaddafi.

The NTC has been in negotiations with [[Algeria]] and [[Niger]], neighboring countries to which members of the government and defecting military commanders have fled, attempting to secure the arrest and extradition of [[Al-Saadi Gaddafi]] and others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=6923|agency=Tripoli Post|date=16 September 2011|access-date=18 September 2011|title=NTC Demands Niger Returns Saadi, Officials from Al Qathafi Regime|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320091530/http://tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=6923|archive-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Of these officials, [[Baghdadi Mahmudi]] and [[Abuzed Omar Dorda]] were arrested,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2011/09/24/2003514081|agency=Taipei Times|date=24 September 2011|access-date=25 September 2011|title=Former Libyan PM arrested, jailed in Tunisia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-arrest-idUSTRE78A2E720110911|work=Reuters|date=11 September 2011|access-date=18 September 2011|title=Exclusive: Gaddafi spy chief Dorda arrested|first=William|last=MacLean}}</ref> while [[Saif al-Arab Gaddafi]] was killed by a [[NATO]] airstrike during the war,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/saif-alarab-a-playboy-known-for-his-hardliving-ways-2277677.html|agency=The Independent|date=2 May 2011|title=Saif al-Arab: A playboy known for his hard-living ways|access-date=18 September 2011|location=London}}</ref> [[Khamis Gaddafi]] was [[killed in action]] after the [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)|fall]] of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8740531/Gaddafis-feared-son-Khamis-confirmed-dead-claims-NTC.html|date=4 September 2011|access-date=18 September 2011|title=Gaddafi's feared son Khamis 'confirmed dead', claims NTC|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> and [[Muammar Gaddafi|Muammar]] and [[Mutassim Gaddafi]], as well as [[Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr]], were killed during the [[Battle of Sirte (2011)|fall]] of [[Sirte]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-gaddafi-finalhours-idUSTRE79M02W20111023|work=Reuters|title=Clues to Gaddafi's death concealed from public view|first=Rania|last=El Gamal|date=23 October 2011|access-date=23 October 2011}}</ref>