Editing Political spectrum (section)

=== Greenberg and Jonas: left–right, ideological rigidity ===
In a 2003 ''[[Psychological Bulletin]]'' paper,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Greenberg, J. |author2=Jonas, E. |author2-link=Eva Jonas |title=Psychological Motives and Political Orientation—The Left, the Right, and the Rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003) |journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]] |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=376–382 |year=2003 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.376 |pmid=12784935 |url=http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/ConsevatismAsMotivatedSocialCognition_Critique.pdf |author1-link=Jeff Greenberg (professor) |citeseerx=10.1.1.396.6599 |access-date=24 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407130351/http://psychoanalystsopposewar.org/resources_files/ConsevatismAsMotivatedSocialCognition_Critique.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jeff Greenberg (professor)|Jeff Greenberg]] and [[Eva Jonas]] posit a model comprising the standard left–right axis and an axis representing ideological rigidity. For Greenberg and Jonas, ideological rigidity has "much in common with the related concepts of dogmatism and authoritarianism" and is characterized by "believing in strong leaders and submission, preferring one's own in-group, ethnocentrism and nationalism, aggression against dissidents, and control with the help of police and military". Greenberg and Jonas posit that high ideological rigidity can be motivated by "particularly strong needs to reduce fear and uncertainty" and is a primary shared characteristic of "people who subscribe to any extreme government or ideology, whether it is right-wing or left-wing".