Editing Pogrom (section)

=== Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe ===
{{Main|The Holocaust}}
[[File:פוגרום יאשי 1.JPG|thumb|left|[[Iași pogrom]] in [[Romania]], June 1941]]

The first pogrom in [[Nazi Germany]] was the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'', often called {{Lang|de|Pogromnacht}}, in which at least 91 Jews were killed, a further 30,000 arrested and incarcerated in [[Nazi concentration camps]],<ref name="Atlantic" /> over 1,000 synagogues burned, and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged.<ref name="Berenbaum2005p49" /><ref name="Gilbert30" />

During [[World War II]], [[Einsatzgruppen|Nazi German death squads]] encouraged local populations in [[German-occupied Europe]] to commit pogroms against Jews. Brand new battalions of ''[[Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz]]'' (trained by [[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]] agents) were mobilized from among the German minorities.<ref name="Browning">{{cite book |last=Browning |first=Christopher R. |author-link=Christopher Browning |orig-date=1992 |year=1998 |chapter=Arrival in Poland |title=Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |url=http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf |access-date=1 May 2013 |pages=51, 98, 109, 124 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019043400/http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Meier |first=Anna |title=Die Intelligenzaktion: Die Vernichtung der polnischen Oberschicht im Gau Danzig-Westpreußen |language=de |trans-title=The intelligence operation: The destruction of the Polish upper class in the Danzig-West Prussia district |publisher=VDM Verlag |isbn=978-3-639-04721-9}}</ref>

A large number of pogroms occurred during [[the Holocaust]] at the hands of non-Germans.<ref name="Fischel 1998 p41">{{cite book |author-link=Jack Fischel |last=Fischel |first=Jack |year=1998 |title=The Holocaust |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]] |page=41 |isbn=978-0-313-29879-0}}</ref> Perhaps the deadliest of these Holocaust-era pogroms was the [[Iași pogrom]] in [[Romania]], perpetrated by [[Ion Antonescu]], in which as many as 13,266 [[Jew]]s were killed by [[Romania]]n citizens, police and military officials.<ref name="yadvashem" />

On 1–2 June 1941, in the two-day [[Farhud]] pogrom in [[Iraq]], perpetrated by [[Rashid Ali al-Kaylani|Rashid Ali]], [[Al-Muthanna Club#Yunis al-Sabawi|Yunis al-Sabawi]], and the [[Futuwa|al-Futuwa]] youth, "rioters murdered between 150 and 180 Jews, injured 600 others, and raped an undetermined number of women. They also looted some 1,500 stores and homes".<ref name="ushmm" /><ref name="telegraph" /> Also, 300–400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kaplan |first=Robert D. |title=In Defense of Empire |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |date=April 2014 |pages=13–15 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/04/in-defense-of-empire/358645/ |url-access=limited}}</ref>

[[File:Lviv pogrom (June - July 1941).jpg|thumb|upright|Jewish woman chased by men and youth armed with clubs during the [[Lviv pogroms]], July 1941]]

In June–July 1941, encouraged by the ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'' in the city of Lviv the [[Ukrainian People's Militia]] perpetrated [[Lviv pogroms (1941)|two citywide pogroms]] in which around 6,000 [[Polish Jews]] were murdered,<ref name="ucsb" /> in retribution for alleged collaboration with the Soviet [[NKVD]]. In [[Lithuania]], some local police led by [[Algirdas Klimaitis]] and [[Lithuanian partisans (1941)|Lithuanian partisans]]{{snd}}consisting of [[Lithuanian Activist Front|LAF]] units reinforced by 3,600 deserters from the 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the [[Red Army]]<ref name="google4" /> promulgated anti-Jewish [[Kaunas pogrom|pogroms in Kaunas]] along with occupying [[Nazi]]s. On 25–26 June 1941, about 3,800 Jews were killed and [[synagogues]] and Jewish settlements burned.<ref name="Holocaust Revealed" />

During the [[Jedwabne pogrom]] of July 1941, ethnic [[Polish people|Poles]] burned at least 340 Jews in a barn ([[Institute of National Remembrance]]) in the presence of Nazi German ''[[Ordnungspolizei#Police Battalions|Ordnungspolizei]]''. The role of the German ''[[Einsatzgruppe B]]'' remains the subject of debate.<ref name="ipn" /><ref name="ipn5" /><ref name="Zimmerman67" /><ref name="google6" /><ref name="Rossino" /><ref name="destruction" />

==== Europe after World War II ====
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}

After the end of [[World War II]], a series of violent antisemitic incidents occurred against returning Jews throughout [[Europe]], particularly in the Soviet-occupied East where Nazi propagandists had extensively promoted the notion of a [[Judeo-Bolshevism|Jewish-Communist conspiracy]] (see [[Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946]] and [[Anti-Jewish violence in Eastern Europe, 1944–1946]]).{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Anti-Jewish riots also [[The Sergeants affair#Reactions in Britain|took place in Britain]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trilling |first=Daniel |date=2012-05-23 |title=Britain's last anti-Jewish riots |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2012/05/britains-last-anti-jewish-riots |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>