Editing Philip IV of France (section)

===Revaluation===
After bringing the Flemish War to a victorious conclusion in 1305, Philip on 8 June 1306 ordered the silver content of new coinage to be raised back to its 1285 level of 3.96 grams of silver per ''livre''.{{sfn|Torre|2010|p=65}} To harmonize the strength of the old and new currencies, the debased coinage of 1303 was devalued accordingly by two-thirds.{{sfn|Torre|2010|p=65}} The debtors were driven to penury by the need to repay their loans in the new, strong currency.{{sfn|Torre|2010|p=65}} This led to rioting in Paris on 30 December 1306, forcing Philip to briefly seek refuge in the Paris Temple, the headquarters of the Knights Templar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Read |date=2001 |first=P. |title=The Templars |page=255 |publisher=Phoenix |author-link=Piers Paul Read |isbn=978-1-84212-142-9 }}</ref>

Perhaps seeking to control the silver of the Jewish mints to put the revaluation to effect, Philip ordered the expulsion of the [[Jews]] on 22 July 1306 and confiscated their property on 23 August, collecting at least 140,000 LP with this measure.{{sfn|Torre|2010|p=65}} With the Jews gone, Philip appointed royal guardians to collect the loans made by the Jews, and the money was passed to the Crown. His son and successor, [[Louis X of France|Louis X]], invited Jews back in 1315 with an offer of 12 years under a strict charter.{{sfn|Chazan|1979|p=79}}

When Philip levied taxes on the French clergy of one-half their annual income, he caused an uproar within the Catholic Church and the papacy, prompting [[Pope Boniface VIII]] to issue the [[papal bull|bull]] ''[[Clericis Laicos]]'' (1296), forbidding the transference of any church property to the French Crown.{{sfn|Ozment|1980|p=145}} Philip retaliated by forbidding the removal of bullion from France.{{sfn|Ozment|1980|p=145}} By 1297, Boniface agreed to Philip's taxation of the clergy in emergencies.{{sfn|Ozment|1980|p=145}}

In 1301, Philip had the bishop of Pamier arrested for treason.{{sfn|Black|1982|p=48}} Boniface called French bishops to Rome to discuss Philip's actions.{{sfn|Black|1982|p=48}} In response, Philip convoked an assembly of bishops, nobles and grand bourgeois of Paris in order to condemn the Pope.{{sfn|Black|1982|p=48}} This precursor to the [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]] appeared for the first time during his reign, a measure of the professionalism and order that his ministers were introducing into government. This assembly, which was composed of clergy, nobles, and burghers, gave support to Philip.{{sfn|Black|1982|p=48}}

Boniface retaliated with the famous bull ''[[Unam Sanctam]]'' (1302), a declaration of papal supremacy.{{sfn|Black|1982|p=48}} Philip gained victory, after having sent his agent [[Guillaume de Nogaret]] to arrest Boniface at [[Anagni]].{{sfn|Lerner|1968|p=5}} The pope escaped but died soon afterward.{{sfn|Lerner|1968|p=5}} The French archbishop Bertrand de Goth was elected pope as [[Clement V]] and thus began the so-called [[Avignon Papacy|Babylonian Captivity of the papacy]] (1309–76), during which the official seat of the papacy moved to [[Avignon]], an enclave surrounded by French territories, and was subjected to French control.