Editing Philadelphia (section)

===Cityscape===
{{see also|Architecture of Philadelphia|List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia}}

====City planning====
{{See also|List of Philadelphia neighborhoods}}
{{wide image|A651, Philadelphia skyline from the Spring Garden Street Bridge, 2018.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|The skyline of Philadelphia seen from the northwest on [[Spring Garden Street Bridge]] over the [[Schuylkill River]] in April 2018 (annotated version)}}
{{wide image|Philadelphia from South Street Bridge July 2016 panorama 3b.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|Philadelphia's skyline at twilight from the southwest on [[South Street Bridge (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)|South Street Bridge]] with the [[Schuylkill River]] on the left in July 2016 (annotated version)}}
Philadelphia was created in the 17th century, following the plan by [[William Penn]]'s surveyor [[Thomas Holme]]. [[Center City, Philadelphia|Center City]] is structured with long, straight streets running nearly due east–west and north–south, forming a grid pattern between the [[Delaware River|Delaware]] and [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]] rivers that is aligned with their courses. The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire.<ref name="Philadelphia Squares">{{cite web |url=http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/02/04/a-guide-to-philadelphias-squares/ |title=A Guide To Philadelphia's 'Squares' |publisher=CBS Philly |date=February 4, 2011 |access-date=April 29, 2015 |author=Daly, Molly |archive-date=February 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213014158/http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/02/04/a-guide-to-philadelphias-squares/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In keeping with the idea of a "Greene Countrie Towne", and inspired by the many types of trees that grew in the region, Penn named many of the east–west streets for local trees.<ref>Laura Turner Igoe, "[https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2/ Trees] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208184841/https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2/ |date=February 8, 2021 }}", ''The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia''; accessed 2021.01.29.</ref> Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824.<ref name="Philadelphia Squares" /> Centre Square was renamed [[Penn Square, Philadelphia|Penn Square]];<ref>[https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/pj_display.cfm/20977 "Philadelphia City Hall"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041648/https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/pj_display.cfm/20977 |date=November 11, 2017 }}. ''Philadelphia Architects and Buildings''. The Athenaeum of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 27, 2017.</ref> Northeast Square was renamed [[Franklin Square (Philadelphia)|Franklin Square]]; Southeast Square was renamed [[Washington Square (Philadelphia)|Washington Square]]; Southwest Square was renamed [[Rittenhouse Square]]; and Northwest Square was renamed [[Logan Circle (Philadelphia)|Logan Circle/Square]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historicphiladelphia.org/franklin-square/history/ |title=Franklin Square History |publisher=Historic Philadelphia |access-date=April 29, 2015 |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527015930/http://historicphiladelphia.org/franklin-square/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Center City, Philadelphia|Center City]] had an estimated 183,240 residents {{as of|2015|lc=y}}, making it the second-most populated downtown area in the United States after [[Midtown Manhattan]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.philly.com/2015-04-22/news/61383432_1_south-philadelphia-annual-report-center-city-district |title=(Greater) Center City's population second only to Midtown Manhattan's |author=Maria Panaritis |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=April 22, 2015 |access-date=July 15, 2015 |archive-date=March 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313153228/http://articles.philly.com/2015-04-22/news/61383432_1_south-philadelphia-annual-report-center-city-district |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Philadelphia's neighborhoods are divided into six large sections that surround Center City: [[North Philadelphia]], [[Northeast Philadelphia]], [[South Philadelphia]], [[Southwest Philadelphia]], [[West Philadelphia]], and [[Northwest Philadelphia]]. The city's geographic boundaries have been largely unchanged since these neighborhoods were consolidated in 1854. However, each of these large areas contains numerous neighborhoods, some of whose boundaries derive from the boroughs, townships, and other communities that constituted [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania County]] before their inclusion within the city.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings |page=58 }}</ref>

The [[City Planning Commission (Philadelphia)|City Planning Commission]], tasked with guiding growth and development of the city, has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phila2035.org/home-page/about/ |title=About Philadelphia2035 |access-date=April 29, 2015 |archive-date=May 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503011928/http://phila2035.org/home-page/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phila.gov/CityPlanning/plans/Pages/Phila2035.aspx |title=Philadelphia 2035: The Comprehensive Plan |publisher=Philadelphia City Planning Commission |access-date=April 29, 2015 |archive-date=March 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331055720/http://www.phila.gov/CityPlanning/plans/Pages/Phila2035.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Much of the city's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007 to 2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors [[John F. Street]] and [[Michael Nutter]]. The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning maps to facilitate future community development, as the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs will be added by 2035.

The [[Philadelphia Housing Authority]] (PHA) is the largest landlord in Pennsylvania. Established in 1937, the PHA is the nation's fourth-largest housing authority, serving about 81,000 people with affordable housing, while employing 1,400 on a budget of $371&nbsp;million.<ref name="PHA">{{cite web |url=http://www.pha.phila.gov/pha-news/pha-fast-facts.aspx |title=Philadelphia Housing Authority |publisher=Pha.phila.gov |access-date=December 24, 2013 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106183506/http://pha.phila.gov/pha-news/pha-fast-facts.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Philadelphia Parking Authority]] is responsible for ensuring adequate parking for city residents, businesses, and visitors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://philapark.org/about-ppa/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126033326/http://philapark.org/about-ppa/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |title=Philadelphia Parking Authority: History |publisher=Philapark.org |access-date=December 24, 2013 }}</ref>
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====Architecture====
{{Main|Architecture of Philadelphia|List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia}}
[[File:Chestnut Street at Night.jpg|thumb|[[Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)|Chestnut Street]] in [[Center City, Philadelphia|Center City]] at night in February 2016]]
[[File:CITY HALL PHILADELPHIA.jpg|thumb|[[Philadelphia City Hall]] at night in December 2012]]
[[File:OneLiberyPlacePhiladelphia cropped.jpg|thumb|Two of [[Center City, Philadelphia|Center City Philadelphia's]] most prominent high-rise buildings, [[Liberty Place#One Liberty Place|One Liberty Place]], built between 1985 and 1987 (in background), and [[Philadelphia City Hall]], built between 1871 and 1901 (in foreground)]]
Philadelphia's architectural history dates back to [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]] times and includes a wide range of styles. The earliest structures were constructed with [[Log house|logs]], but brick structures were common by 1700. During the 18th century, the [[cityscape]] was dominated by [[Georgian architecture]], including [[Independence Hall]] and [[Christ Church, Philadelphia|Christ Church]].

In the first decades of the 19th century, [[Federal architecture|Federal]] and [[Greek Revival architecture]] were the dominant styles produced by Philadelphia architects such as [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe|Benjamin Latrobe]], [[William Strickland (architect)|William Strickland]], [[John Haviland]], [[John Notman]], [[Thomas Ustick Walter|Thomas Walter]], and [[Samuel Sloan (architect)|Samuel Sloan]].<ref name=Philadelphia-Page251>{{Cite book |title=Philadelphia: A 300-Year History |pages=11, 41, 174–175, 251–253 }}</ref> [[Frank Furness]] is considered Philadelphia's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century. His contemporaries included [[John McArthur Jr.]], [[Addison Hutton]], [[Wilson Eyre]], the [[Wilson Brothers & Company|Wilson Brothers]], and [[Horace Trumbauer]]. In 1871, construction began on the [[Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada|Second Empire]]-style [[Philadelphia City Hall]]. The [[Philadelphia Historical Commission]] was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city. The commission maintains the [[Philadelphia Register of Historic Places]], adding historic buildings, structures, sites, objects and districts as it sees fit.<ref name="PNC">{{cite web |url=http://www.phila.gov/historical/ |title=Philadelphia Historical Commission |publisher=Phila.gov |access-date=April 11, 2009 |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303191207/http://www.phila.gov/historical/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1932, Philadelphia became home to the first modern [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] skyscraper in the United States, the [[Loews Philadelphia Hotel|PSFS Building]], designed by [[George Howe (architect)|George Howe]] and [[William Lescaze]]. The {{cvt|548|ft|m|0}} City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when [[Liberty Place#One Liberty Place|One Liberty Place]] was completed. Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Center City beginning in the late 1980s. In 2007, the [[Comcast Center]] surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city's tallest building. The [[Comcast Technology Center]] was completed in 2018, reaching a height of {{cvt|1121|ft|m|0}}, as the [[List of tallest buildings in the United States|tallest building in the United States]] outside of [[Manhattan]] and Chicago.<ref name=Comcast2>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitphilly.com/articles/philadelphia/the-comcast-innovation-and-technology-center/ |title=Philadelphia's Newest Skyscraper: The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center |publisher=Visit Philadelphia |access-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-date=March 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317221032/http://www.visitphilly.com/articles/philadelphia/the-comcast-innovation-and-technology-center/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical home has been the [[Terraced house|row house]]. The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and, for a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as "Philadelphia rows".<ref name=Philadelphia-Page251/> A variety of row houses are found throughout the city, from Federal-style continuous blocks in [[Old City, Philadelphia|Old City]] and [[Society Hill]] to Victorian-style homes in [[North Philadelphia]] to twin row houses in [[West Philadelphia]]. While newer homes have been built recently, much of the housing dates to the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, which has created problems such as [[urban decay]] and vacant lots. Some neighborhoods, including [[Northern Liberties, Philadelphia|Northern Liberties]] and Society Hill, have been rehabilitated through [[gentrification]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aitken |first=Joanne |title=Breaking Ground |journal=Philadelphia City Paper |date=June 3–19, 2004 |url=http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2004-06-03/cityspace.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113222258/http://citypaper.net/articles/2004-06-03/cityspace.shtml |archive-date=January 13, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Alan Hughes |title=Dirt Into Dollars; Converting Vacant Land Into Valuable Development |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2000/06/summer-metropolitanpolicy-hughes |date=June 1, 2000 |access-date=December 24, 2013 |archive-date=December 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225175538/http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2000/06/summer-metropolitanpolicy-hughes |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Elfreth's Alley, Philadelphia, 2008.jpg|[[Elfreth's Alley]], first developed in 1703, is the nation's oldest residential street.<ref name="marker">Historical marker on Elfreth's Alley</ref>
File:Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, USA, May 2015.jpg|[[Carpenters' Hall]], built between 1770 and 1774 in [[Georgian architecture]] style
File:Second Bank of the United States with Robert Morris, Jr. statue, Philadelphia.jpg|The [[Second Bank of the United States]], built between 1818 and 1824, exhibiting [[Greek Revival architecture]]
File:City hall Philadelphia.jpg|[[Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada|Second Empire]]-style [[Philadelphia City Hall]], built between 1871 and 1901, on South [[Broad Street (Philadelphia)|Broad Street]]
</gallery>

====Parks====
{{See also|Drinking fountains in Philadelphia|Fairmount Park|List of parks in Philadelphia|}}
[[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0757).jpg|thumb|Philadelphia's [[Fairmount Park]] on the [[Schuylkill River]], the city's largest and one of the world's largest public parks]]
{{As of|2014}}, the city's total park space, including municipal, state, and federal parks in the city, amounts to {{convert|11211|acre|sqmi|1}}.<ref name=tplrank/> Philadelphia's largest park is [[Fairmount Park]], which includes the [[Philadelphia Zoo]] and encompasses {{convert|2052|acre|sqmi|1}} of the total parkland. Fairmount Park's adjacent [[Wissahickon Valley Park]] contains {{convert|2042|acre|sqmi|1}}.<ref name=parkacres>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20027240.pdf |title=The City of Philadelphia, Emerald Ash Borer Management Plan |website=dcnr.state.pa.us |publisher=The City of Philadelphia |year=2012 |page=2 |quote=The City contains approximately 6,781 acres of watershed parks including East/West Fairmount Parks (2052 ac.), Wissahickon Valley Park (2042 ac.) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219001451/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20027240.pdf |archive-date=December 19, 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=January 6, 2017 }}</ref> Fairmount Park, when combined with Wissahickon Valley Park, is one of the largest contiguous [[urban park]] areas in the U.S.<ref name=tplrank/> The two parks, along with the [[Colonial Revival architecture|Colonial Revival]], [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] and [[Federal architecture|Federal]]-style [[List of houses in Fairmount Park|mansions]] in them, have been listed as one entity on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] since 1972.<ref name=NRHP>{{cite web |url=http://focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72001151 |title=National Register of Historic Places – Fairmount Park – #72001151 |date=February 7, 1972 |website=focus.nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230223434/https://focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72001151 |archive-date=December 30, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2017 |quote=Locations: Philadelphia; Both banks of Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek, from Spring Garden St. to Northwestern Ave. }}</ref>