Editing Peter Cushing (section)

===''Star Wars''===
The American filmmaker [[George Lucas]] approached Cushing with the hopes of casting him in his upcoming space [[fantasy film]], ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''. Since the film's primary antagonist, [[Darth Vader]], wore a mask throughout the entire film and his face was never visible, Lucas felt that a strong human villain character was necessary. This led him to write the character of [[Grand Moff Tarkin]]: a high-ranking Imperial governor and commander of the planet-destroying battle station the [[Death Star]]. Lucas felt a talented actor was needed to play the role and said Cushing was his first choice.<ref name="Rinz125">Rinzler, J.W. (2007). ''The Making of Star Wars: The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film''. New York City, New York: [[Del Rey Books|Del Rey]]. p. 125. {{ISBN|0345494768}}.</ref> However, Cushing has claimed that Lucas originally approached him to play the Jedi Master [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]] and only decided to cast him as Tarkin instead after the two met. He said he would have preferred to play Kenobi rather than Tarkin but could not have done so because he was to be filming other roles when ''Star Wars'' was shooting, and Tarkin's scenes took less time to film than those of the larger Kenobi role. Although he was not a particular fan of science fiction, Cushing accepted the part because he believed his audience would love ''Star Wars'' and enjoy seeing him in the film.<ref name="SWI56" />

Cushing joined the cast in May 1976, and his scenes were filmed at [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree Studios]] in [[Borehamwood]].<ref name="SWI56" /> Along with [[Alec Guinness|Sir Alec Guinness]], who was ultimately cast as Kenobi, he was among the best-known actors at the time to appear in ''Star Wars'', as the rest of the cast were then relatively unknown.<ref>Grant, Devin (19 May 2005). "Charleston fanatics ready to celebrate 'Revenge{{'"}}. ''[[The Post and Courier]]'': p. 24F.</ref> As a result, he was paid a larger daily salary than most of his fellow cast, earning £2,000 per day compared to weekly salaries of US$1,000 for [[Mark Hamill]], $850 for [[Carrie Fisher]], and $750 for [[Harrison Ford]], who played the protagonists [[Luke Skywalker]], [[Princess Leia]] and [[Han Solo]].<ref name="Rinz125" /> When Cushing smoked between shots, he wore a white glove so the make-up artists would not have to deal with nicotine stains on his fingers. Like Guinness, he had difficulty with some of the technical jargon in his dialogue and claimed he did not understand all of the words he was speaking. Nevertheless, he worked hard to master the lines so that they sounded natural and his character appeared intelligent and confident.<ref name="Rinz177">Rinzler, p. 177</ref>

Cushing got along well with the entire cast, especially his old [[Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell]] co-star [[David Prowse]], who physically portrayed Darth Vader, and Carrie Fisher, who was appearing in her first major role as Princess Leia.<ref name="SWI56" /> The scene in which Tarkin and Organa appear together on the Death Star, just before the destruction of the planet [[Alderaan]], was the first scene with major dialogue that Fisher filmed for ''Star Wars''.<ref name="Rinz177" /> Cushing consciously attempted to define their characters as opposite representations of good and evil, and he purposely stood in the shadows so the light shone on Fisher's face. Fisher said she liked Cushing so much that it was difficult to act as though she hated Tarkin,<ref name="SWI56" /> and she had to substitute somebody else in her mind to muster the feelings. Although one of her lines referred to Tarkin's "foul stench," she said Cushing smelt like "[[linen]] and [[lavender]]," something Cushing attributed to his tendency to wash and brush his teeth thoroughly before filming because of his self-consciousness about [[Halitosis|bad breath]].<ref name="Rinz177" />

During the filming of ''Star Wars'', Cushing was provided with a pair of boots far too small to accommodate his size twelve feet. This caused a great deal of pain for him during shooting, but the costume designers did not have enough time to get him another pair. As a result, he asked Lucas to film as many shots of him as possible from the waist up and, after the director agreed, Cushing wore [[slippers]] during the scenes where his feet were not visible.<ref>{{cite book|title=Smirk, Sneer and Scream|author=Mark Clark|page=119|chapter=Peter Cushing|publisher=McFarland|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1932-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Science Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencefiction00robe|url-access=limited|author=Adam Charles Roberts|page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencefiction00robe/page/n98 88]|chapter=The History of Science Fiction|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-19205-7}}</ref><ref name=Duke>{{cite book|title=Harrison Ford: The Films|author=Brad Duke|page=39|publisher=McFarland|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7864-2016-2}}</ref><ref name="Nottingham">"How Jim fixed it for horror actor Cushing" (8 May 2004). ''[[Nottingham Post|Nottingham Evening Post]]'': p. 16.</ref><ref>O'Brien, John (20 April 2002). "Bring on the Clones". ''[[The Courier-Mail]]'': p. M01.</ref> During rehearsals, Lucas originally planned for Tarkin and Vader to use a giant screen filled with computerised architectural representations of hallways to monitor the whereabouts of Skywalker, Solo, and Organa. Although the idea was abandoned before filming began, Cushing and Prowse rehearsed those scenes in a set built by the computer animation artist [[Larry Cuba]].<ref>Rinzler, p. 180</ref> The close-up shots of Cushing aboard the Death Star, shown right before the battlestation is destroyed, were actually extra footage taken from previously shot scenes with Cushing that did not make the final film. During production, Lucas decided to add those shots, along with [[second unit]] footage of the Death Star gunners preparing to fire, to heighten the space battle scenes.<ref>Rinzler, p. 238</ref>

When ''Star Wars'' was first released in 1977, most preliminary advertisements touted Cushing's Tarkin as the primary antagonist of the film, not Vader;<ref name="NW">Kroll, Jack (30 May 1977).</ref> Cushing was extremely pleased with the final film, and he claimed his only disappointment was that Tarkin was killed and could not appear in the sequels. The film gave him the highest amount of visibility of his career and inspired younger audiences to watch his older films.<ref name="SWI56" /><ref name="Majendie">Majendie, Paul (7 August 1986). "Master of horror tells his story." ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'': p. D9.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kroft|first1=Jack|title=Fun in Space|work=Newsweek|date=30 May 1977}}</ref>

For the film ''[[Rogue One]]'' (2016), [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI) and digitally repurposed [[archive footage]]<ref name="vulture">{{Cite news |last=Lincoln |first=Kevin |date=24 December 2016 |title=How Did Rogue One Legally Re-create the Late Peter Cushing? |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/12/rogue-one-peter-cushing-digital-likeness.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224111514/http://www.vulture.com/2016/12/rogue-one-peter-cushing-digital-likeness.html |archive-date=24 December 2016 |access-date=24 December 2016 |work=Vulture}}</ref><ref name=Independent>{{cite news|title=the CGI used to repurpose the footage may not age well...|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/rogue-one-cgi-grand-moff-tarkin-actor-peter-cushing-princess-leia-carrie-fisher-animated-a7483991.html|access-date=24 December 2016|date=24 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226075006/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/rogue-one-cgi-grand-moff-tarkin-actor-peter-cushing-princess-leia-carrie-fisher-animated-a7483991.html|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> were used to insert Cushing's likeness from the original movie over the face of the English actor [[Guy Henry (actor)|Guy Henry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jan/16/rogue-one-vfx-jon-knoll-peter-cushing-ethics-of-digital-resurrections|title=Rogue One VFX head: 'We didn't do anything Peter Cushing would've objected to'|first=Andrew|last=Pulver|date=16 January 2017|work=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211141946/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jan/16/rogue-one-vfx-jon-knoll-peter-cushing-ethics-of-digital-resurrections|archive-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> Henry provided the on-set capture and voice work with the reference material augmented and mapped over his performance like a digital body-mask. Cushing's estate-owners were heavily involved with the creation, which took place more than twenty years after Cushing died.<ref name="TelegraphFilm-18-12-16">{{cite news|last1=Telegraph Film|title='Morbid and off-putting' or 'convincing'? Rogue One's CGI Peter Cushing gets a mixed response from Star Wars fans|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/12/16/morbid-off-putting-convincing-rogue-ones-cgi-peter-cushing-gets/|access-date=18 December 2016|work=The Telegraph|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218012514/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/12/16/morbid-off-putting-convincing-rogue-ones-cgi-peter-cushing-gets/|archive-date=18 December 2016}}</ref> This extensive use of CGI to "resurrect" an actor who had died many years earlier created a great deal of controversy about the ethics of using a deceased actor's likeness.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2016/dec/16/rogue-one-star-wars-cgi-resurrection-peter-cushing|title=CGI resurrection of Peter Cushing is thrilling – but is it right?|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223122751/https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2016/dec/16/rogue-one-star-wars-cgi-resurrection-peter-cushing|archive-date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="RadioTimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-12-15/how-a-holby-city-actor-brought-one-of-star-wars-most-iconic-characters-back-to-life|title=How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars' most iconic characters back to life|last1=Fullerton|first1=Huw|date=15 December 2016|access-date=15 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216040012/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-12-15/how-a-holby-city-actor-brought-one-of-star-wars-most-iconic-characters-back-to-life|archive-date=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/news/a52078/rogue-one-leia-tarkin-cgi-characters-star-wars/ |title=See the Stunning Detail That Went into Recreating Two Star Wars Characters For Rogue One |last=Miller |first=Matt |date=5 January 2017 |work=Variety |access-date=9 January 2017 |quote=Many debates have raged on the ethics of these characters being digitally placed in the film and if Industrial Light & Magic (the Star Wars visual effects company) even pulled it off. Certainly, the computerized characters look stunningly lifelike, but still kind of creepy in an uncanny valley sort of way. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108165814/http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/news/a52078/rogue-one-leia-tarkin-cgi-characters-star-wars/ |archive-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> Joyce Broughton, Cushing's former secretary, had approved recreating Cushing in the film. After attending the London premiere, she was reportedly "taken aback" and "dazzled" with the effect of seeing him on screen again.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite news |last1=Tapley |first1=Kristopher |last2=Debruge |first2=Peter |date=24 December 2016 |title=What Peter Cushing's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/rogue-one-peter-cushing-digital-resurrection-cgi-1201943759/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221095306/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/rogue-one-peter-cushing-digital-resurrection-cgi-1201943759/ |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=24 December 2016 |work=Variety}}</ref>