Editing Peranakan Chinese (section)

===Religion===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Schilderingen in het voorportaal van de Chinese tempel te Makassar. TMnr 60008243.jpg|thumb|A Chinese temple in [[Makassar]], [[Dutch East Indies]] (present-day Indonesia) c. 1900 – 1920.]]

Most Peranakans generally subscribed to Chinese beliefs systems such as [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]] and [[Han Buddhism]], and even [[Roman Catholic|Roman Christianity]] nowadays. Just like the Chinese, the Peranakans also celebrate [[Chinese New Year]], [[Lantern Festival]] and other [[List of observances set by the Chinese calendar|Chinese festivals]], while adopting the customs of the land they settled in, as well as those of their colonial rulers. There are traces of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[British people|British]], [[Malay people|Malay]] and [[Indonesian people|Indonesian]] influences in Peranakan culture.<ref name="google"/>

Just like in any other cultures, the Peranakans still believe in ''pantang larang'' (meaning [[taboos]]) especially among the older generations. In some cases, quite a number the Peranakan's ''pantang larang'' are deemed too strict and complex. But today, most Peranakans no longer practice complex ''pantang larang'' to keep up with the modern times.

====Christianity====
[[File:The Chapel, Sculpture Square, Singapore - 20101020-04.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Kampong Kapor Methodist Church]], Singapore.]]
A significant number of the modern Peranakan community have embraced [[Christianity]], most notably in Indonesia.

In 2019, a new branch of Singapore-specific Peranakan intermarriages were found to exist within the early Roman Catholic Church starting from 1834. This early church was set up by French missionaries (Mission Enstrangeres de Paris Order) in 1832 on Bras Basah Road, on the grounds  of the present day Singapore Art Museum. Approximately 26 intermarriages between mainly China-born Teochew men and Melaka Serani, Malay, Peranakan Chinese and Indian women, took place under the auspices of this church, between 1834 and the early 1870s. Most, if not all descendants, identify as Teochew Peranakans today.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marc Sebastian Rerceretnam|title=A History of Immigrant Roman Catholics and Converts in Early Singapore 1832-1945|date=20 August 2021|publisher=Yesteryear Books|isbn=978-0-6452364-0-8|page=160}}</ref>

In Singapore, the [[Kampong Kapor Methodist Church]], founded in 1894 by an Australian missionary, [[Sophia Blackmore]], is considered one of the first Peranakan churches. During its establishment, Sunday service were conducted in [[Baba Malay]] language, and it is still one of the languages being used in their services.

Despite living in Muslim majority countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia, converting to Christianity allows Peranakans to continue eating pork which is a key part of the Peranakan diet.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Knorr|title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-269-0|page=150}}</ref> Moreover, Peranakans were traditionally English educated at missionary schools, notably in Penang.

====Islam====
In Indonesia, Peranakan<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Knorr|title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-269-0|page=71}}</ref>  referred to all Indonesian Chinese who had converted to Islam up until the 19th century. This indicated the importance of Islamic identity as a "criterion of indigenization." Later, Peranakan referred to all Indonesian Chinese born in the country, including those of descendants of mixed race unions.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Knorr|title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-269-0|page=135}}</ref> Large numbers of Peranakans, many from [[Fujian]] having prior experience with foreign Muslims who had a dominant position in that provinces most important seaport, adopted Islam in Java, strongly Muslim areas of Indonesia,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Reid|editor1-first=Anthony|editor2-last=Alilunas-Rodgers|editor2-first=Kristine|title=Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese|year=1996|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2446-4|page=74|edition=illustrated, reprint}}</ref> and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Radcliffe|editor1-first=Sarah|title=Culture and Development in a Globalizing World: Geographies, Actors and Paradigms|date=27 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-27458-1|pages=141–2|quote=A large number of Chinese settlers were converted to Islam. Having come largely from Fujian, they not only found it advantageous to adopt the predominant religion of the Javanese port towns, but in fact were familiar with the role of Islam in Fujian's trade. In [[Quanzhou]], Fujian's most important seaport by the late thirteenth century, both trade and administration were dominated by foreign Muslims and an Islamic diaspora promoted trade with the rest of Asia.}}</ref> As in the case of the Peranakans in [[Cirebon]], this conversion process occurred over several centuries<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Tan|editor1-first=Chee-Beng|title=Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora|date=11 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-23096-7|page=348}}</ref> and was even recorded before the Dutch seized [[Jakarta]].<ref name="Berghahn Books">{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Knorr|title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-269-0|page=137}}</ref> Many of these Peranakans in Indonesia who converted to Islam would marry into aristocratic dynasties.<ref name="Berghahn Books"/> One organisation of Indonesian Peranakan Muslims is the ''Persatuan Islam Tionghoa Indonesia'' (Association of Indonesian Chinese Muslims), which was formed in 1936 in [[Medan]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Leo Suryadinata|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches|year=1995|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-3055-03-2|page=256}}</ref> Some prominent Peranakan Muslims include the Indonesians Junus Jahja,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Leo Suryadinata|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches|year=1995|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-3055-03-2|page=46}}</ref> Abdul Karim Oei Tjeng Hien<ref>{{cite book|author1=Leo Suryadinata|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches|year=1995|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-3055-03-2|pages=51–2}}</ref> and Tjio Wie Tay<ref>{{cite book|author1=Leo Suryadinata|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches|year=1995|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-3055-03-2|pages=105–6}}</ref> and from [[Patani (historical region)|Pattani]], the Peranakan convert to Islam, Datu Seri Nara, who according to Wybrand of Warwijck was the most important commercial and military figure in [[Patani (historical region)|Pattani]] in 1602.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Montesano|editor1-first=Michael John|editor2-last=Jory|editor2-first=Patrick|title=Thai South and Malay North: Ethnic Interactions on the Plural Peninsula|year=2008|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-411-1|page=35|edition=reprint}}</ref>