Editing Peptidoglycan (section)

== As vaccine or adjuvant ==
Peptidoglycan is immunologically active, which can stimulate immune cells to increase the expression of cytokines and enhance antibody-dependent specific response when combined with [[vaccine]] or as [[Adjuvants, immunologic|adjuvant]] alone.<ref name="Sun-2022" /> MDP, which is the basic unit of peptidoglycan, was initially used as the active component of [[Freund's adjuvant]].<ref name="Sun-2022" /> Peptidoglycan from ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' was used as a vaccine to protect mice, showing that after vaccine injection for 40 weeks, the mice survived from ''S. aureus'' challenge at an increased [[lethal dose]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Capparelli R, Nocerino N, Medaglia C, Blaiotta G, Bonelli P, Iannelli D | title = The Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan protects mice against the pathogen and eradicates experimentally induced infection | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = e28377 | date = 2011-12-01 | pmid = 22145040 | pmc = 3228750 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0028377 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...628377C | veditors = Cardona PJ | doi-access = free }}</ref>